26 U.S.C. § 1 — Tax imposed

Page 25 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 1 Section catchline amended by Pub. L. 95–30 without cor- responding amendment of analysis. 2014—Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, § 221(a)(12)(A), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4038, struck out part VII ‘‘Envi- ronmental tax’’. 1989—Pub. L. 101–234, title I, § 102(a), Dec. 13, 1989, 103 Stat. 1980, repealed Pub. L. 100–360, § 111, and provided that the provisions of law amended by such section are restored or revived as if such section had not been en- acted, see 1988 Amendment note below. 1988—Pub. L. 100–360, title I, § 111(c), July 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 697, added part VIII ‘‘Supplemental medicare pre- mium’’. 1986—Pub. L. 99–499, title V, § 516(b)(5), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1771, added part VII. 1976—Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1901(b)(2), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1792, struck out part V ‘‘Tax surcharge’’. 1969—Pub. L. 91–172, title III, § 301(b)(1), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 585, added part VI. 1968—Pub. L. 90–364, title I, § 102(d), June 28, 1968, 82 Stat. 259, added part V. PART I—TAX ON INDIVIDUALS Sec. 1. Tax imposed. 2. Definitions and special rules. 3. Tax tables for individuals having taxable in- come of less than $20,000.1 [4. Repealed.] 5. Cross references relating to tax on individ- uals. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1976—Pub. L. 94–455, title V, § 501(c)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1559, substituted ‘‘Tax tables for individuals hav- ing taxable income of less than $20,000’’ for ‘‘Optional tax tables for individuals’’ in item 3 and struck out item 4 relating to rules for optional tax. 1969—Pub. L. 91–172, title VIII, § 803(d)(9), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 685, substituted ‘‘Definitions and special rules’’ and ‘‘Optional tax tables for individuals’’ for ‘‘Tax in case of joint return or return of surviving spouse’’ and ‘‘Optional tax if adjusted gross income is less than $5,000’’ in items 2 and 3, respectively. § 1. Tax imposed (a) Married individuals filing joint returns and surviving spouses There is hereby imposed on the taxable in- come of— (1) every married individual (as defined in section 7703) who makes a single return jointly with his spouse under section 6013, and (2) every surviving spouse (as defined in sec- tion 2(a)), a tax determined in accordance with the fol- lowing table: If taxable income is: The tax is: Not over $36,900 .......... 15% of taxable income. Over $36,900 but not over $89,150. $5,535, plus 28% of the ex- cess over $36,900. Over $89,150 but not over $140,000. $20,165, plus 31% of the ex- cess over $89,150. Over $140,000 but not over $250,000. $35,928.50, plus 36% of the excess over $140,000. Over $250,000 ............... $75,528.50, plus 39.6% of the excess over $250,000. (b) Heads of households There is hereby imposed on the taxable in- come of every head of a household (as defined in section 2(b)) a tax determined in accordance with the following table: If taxable income is: The tax is: Not over $29,600 .......... 15% of taxable income. Over $29,600 but not over $76,400. $4,440, plus 28% of the ex- cess over $29,600. Over $76,400 but not over $127,500. $17,544, plus 31% of the ex- cess over $76,400. Over $127,500 but not over $250,000. $33,385, plus 36% of the ex- cess over $127,500. Over $250,000 ............... $77,485, plus 39.6% of the excess over $250,000. (c) Unmarried individuals (other than surviving spouses and heads of households) There is hereby imposed on the taxable in- come of every individual (other than a surviving spouse as defined in section 2(a) or the head of a household as defined in section 2(b)) who is not a married individual (as defined in section 7703) a tax determined in accordance with the fol- lowing table: If taxable income is: The tax is: Not over $22,100 .......... 15% of taxable income. Over $22,100 but not over $53,500. $3,315, plus 28% of the ex- cess over $22,100. Over $53,500 but not over $115,000. $12,107, plus 31% of the ex- cess over $53,500. Over $115,000 but not over $250,000. $31,172, plus 36% of the ex- cess over $115,000. Over $250,000 ............... $79,772, plus 39.6% of the excess over $250,000. (d) Married individuals filing separate returns There is hereby imposed on the taxable in- come of every married individual (as defined in section 7703) who does not make a single return jointly with his spouse under section 6013, a tax determined in accordance with the following table: If taxable income is: The tax is: Not over $18,450 .......... 15% of taxable income. Over $18,450 but not over $44,575. $2,767.50, plus 28% of the excess over $18,450. Over $44,575 but not over $70,000. $10,082.50, plus 31% of the excess over $44,575. Over $70,000 but not over $125,000. $17,964.25, plus 36% of the excess over $70,000. Over $125,000 ............... $37,764.25, plus 39.6% of the excess over $125,000. (e) Estates and trusts There is hereby imposed on the taxable in- come of— (1) every estate, and (2) every trust, taxable under this subsection a tax determined in accordance with the following table: If taxable income is: The tax is: Not over $1,500 ........... 15% of taxable income. Over $1,500 but not over $3,500. $225, plus 28% of the excess over $1,500. Over $3,500 but not over $5,500. $785, plus 31% of the excess over $3,500. Over $5,500 but not over $7,500. $1,405, plus 36% of the ex- cess over $5,500. Over $7,500 .................. $2,125, plus 39.6% of the ex- cess over $7,500. Page 26 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 (f) Phaseout of marriage penalty in 15-percent bracket; adjustments in tax tables so that in- flation will not result in tax increases (1) In general Not later than December 15 of 1993, and each subsequent calendar year, the Secretary shall prescribe tables which shall apply in lieu of the tables contained in subsections (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) with respect to taxable years be- ginning in the succeeding calendar year. (2) Method of prescribing tables The table which under paragraph (1) is to apply in lieu of the table contained in sub- section (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e), as the case may be, with respect to taxable years beginning in any calendar year shall be prescribed— (A) except as provided in paragraph (8), by increasing the minimum and maximum dol- lar amounts for each bracket for which a tax is imposed under such table by the cost-of- living adjustment for such calendar year, de- termined— (i) except as provided in clause (ii), by substituting ‘‘1992’’ for ‘‘2016’’ in paragraph (3)(A)(ii), and (ii) in the case of adjustments to the dol- lar amounts at which the 36 percent rate bracket begins or at which the 39.6 percent rate bracket begins, by substituting ‘‘1993’’ for ‘‘2016’’ in paragraph (3)(A)(ii), (B) by not changing the rate applicable to any rate bracket as adjusted under subpara- graph (A), and (C) by adjusting the amounts setting forth the tax to the extent necessary to reflect the adjustments in the rate brackets. (3) Cost-of-living adjustment For purposes of this subsection— (A) In general The cost-of-living adjustment for any cal- endar year is the percentage (if any) by which— (i) the C-CPI-U for the preceding cal- endar year, exceeds (ii) the CPI for calendar year 2016, multi- plied by the amount determined under sub- paragraph (B). (B) Amount determined The amount determined under this clause is the amount obtained by dividing— (i) the C-CPI-U for calendar year 2016, by (ii) the CPI for calendar year 2016. (C) Special rule for adjustments with a base year after 2016 For purposes of any provision of this title which provides for the substitution of a year after 2016 for ‘‘2016’’ in subparagraph (A)(ii), subparagraph (A) shall be applied by sub- stituting ‘‘the C-CPI-U for calendar year 2016’’ for ‘‘the CPI for calendar year 2016’’ and all that follows in clause (ii) thereof. (4) CPI for any calendar year For purposes of paragraph (3), the CPI for any calendar year is the average of the Con- sumer Price Index as of the close of the 12- month period ending on August 31 of such cal- endar year. (5) Consumer Price Index For purposes of paragraph (4), the term ‘‘Consumer Price Index’’ means the last Con- sumer Price Index for all-urban consumers published by the Department of Labor. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the revi- sion of the Consumer Price Index which is most consistent with the Consumer Price Index for calendar year 1986 shall be used. (6) C-CPI-U For purposes of this subsection— (A) In general The term ‘‘C-CPI-U’’ means the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Con- sumers (as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor). The values of the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers taken into account for purposes of determining the cost-of-liv- ing adjustment for any calendar year under this subsection shall be the latest values so published as of the date on which such Bu- reau publishes the initial value of the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers for the month of August for the preceding calendar year. (B) Determination for calendar year The C-CPI-U for any calendar year is the average of the C-CPI-U as of the close of the 12-month period ending on August 31 of such calendar year. (7) Rounding (A) In general If any increase determined under para- graph (2)(A), section 63(c)(4), section 68(b)(2) or section 151(d)(4) is not a multiple of $50, such increase shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of $50. (B) Table for married individuals filing sepa- rately In the case of a married individual filing a separate return, subparagraph (A) (other than with respect to sections 63(c)(4) and 151(d)(4)(A)) shall be applied by substituting ‘‘$25’’ for ‘‘$50’’ each place it appears. (8) Elimination of marriage penalty in 15-per- cent bracket With respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2003, in prescribing the ta- bles under paragraph (1)— (A) the maximum taxable income in the 15-percent rate bracket in the table con- tained in subsection (a) (and the minimum taxable income in the next higher taxable income bracket in such table) shall be 200 percent of the maximum taxable income in the 15-percent rate bracket in the table con- tained in subsection (c) (after any other ad- justment under this subsection), and (B) the comparable taxable income amounts in the table contained in sub- section (d) shall be 1⁄2 of the amounts deter- mined under subparagraph (A). Page 27 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 (g) Certain unearned income of children taxed as if parent’s income (1) In general In the case of any child to whom this sub- section applies, the tax imposed by this sec- tion shall be equal to the greater of— (A) the tax imposed by this section with- out regard to this subsection, or (B) the sum of— (i) the tax which would be imposed by this section if the taxable income of such child for the taxable year were reduced by the net unearned income of such child, plus (ii) such child’s share of the allocable pa- rental tax. (2) Child to whom subsection applies This subsection shall apply to any child for any taxable year if— (A) such child— (i) has not attained age 18 before the close of the taxable year, or (ii)(I) has attained age 18 before the close of the taxable year and meets the age re- quirements of section 152(c)(3) (determined without regard to subparagraph (B) there- of), and (II) whose earned income (as defined in section 911(d)(2)) for such taxable year does not exceed one-half of the amount of the individual’s support (within the meaning of section 152(c)(1)(D) after the application of section 152(f)(5) (without regard to sub- paragraph (A) thereof)) for such taxable year, (B) either parent of such child is alive at the close of the taxable year, and (C) such child does not file a joint return for the taxable year. (3) Allocable parental tax For purposes of this subsection— (A) In general The term ‘‘allocable parental tax’’ means the excess of— (i) the tax which would be imposed by this section on the parent’s taxable in- come if such income included the net un- earned income of all children of the parent to whom this subsection applies, over (ii) the tax imposed by this section on the parent without regard to this sub- section. For purposes of clause (i), net unearned in- come of all children of the parent shall not be taken into account in computing any ex- clusion, deduction, or credit of the parent. (B) Child’s share A child’s share of any allocable parental tax of a parent shall be equal to an amount which bears the same ratio to the total allo- cable parental tax as the child’s net un- earned income bears to the aggregate net unearned income of all children of such par- ent to whom this subsection applies. (C) Special rule where parent has different taxable year Except as provided in regulations, if the parent does not have the same taxable year as the child, the allocable parental tax shall be determined on the basis of the taxable year of the parent ending in the child’s tax- able year. (4) Net unearned income For purposes of this subsection— (A) In general The term ‘‘net unearned income’’ means the excess of— (i) the portion of the adjusted gross in- come for the taxable year which is not at- tributable to earned income (as defined in section 911(d)(2)), over (ii) the sum of— (I) the amount in effect for the taxable year under section 63(c)(5)(A) (relating to limitation on standard deduction in the case of certain dependents), plus (II) the greater of the amount de- scribed in subclause (I) or, if the child itemizes his deductions for the taxable year, the amount of the itemized deduc- tions allowed by this chapter for the tax- able year which are directly connected with the production of the portion of ad- justed gross income referred to in clause (i). (B) Limitation based on taxable income The amount of the net unearned income for any taxable year shall not exceed the in- dividual’s taxable income for such taxable year. (C) Treatment of distributions from qualified disability trusts For purposes of this subsection, in the case of any child who is a beneficiary of a quali- fied disability trust (as defined in section 642(b)(2)(C)(ii)), any amount included in the income of such child under sections 652 and 662 during a taxable year shall be considered earned income of such child for such taxable year. (5) Special rules for determining parent to whom subsection applies For purposes of this subsection, the parent whose taxable income shall be taken into ac- count shall be— (A) in the case of parents who are not mar- ried (within the meaning of section 7703), the custodial parent (within the meaning of sec- tion 152(e)) of the child, and (B) in the case of married individuals filing separately, the individual with the greater taxable income. (6) Providing of parent’s TIN The parent of any child to whom this sub- section applies for any taxable year shall pro- vide the TIN of such parent to such child and such child shall include such TIN on the child’s return of tax imposed by this section for such taxable year. (7) Election to claim certain unearned income of child on parent’s return (A) In general If— (i) any child to whom this subsection ap- plies has gross income for the taxable year Page 28 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 only from interest and dividends (includ- ing Alaska Permanent Fund dividends), (ii) such gross income is more than the amount described in paragraph (4)(A)(ii)(I) and less than 10 times the amount so de- scribed, (iii) no estimated tax payments for such year are made in the name and TIN of such child, and no amount has been deducted and withheld under section 3406, and (iv) the parent of such child (as deter- mined under paragraph (5)) elects the ap- plication of subparagraph (B), such child shall be treated (other than for purposes of this paragraph) as having no gross income for such year and shall not be required to file a return under section 6012. (B) Income included on parent’s return In the case of a parent making the election under this paragraph— (i) the gross income of each child to whom such election applies (to the extent the gross income of such child exceeds twice the amount described in paragraph (4)(A)(ii)(I)) shall be included in such par- ent’s gross income for the taxable year, (ii) the tax imposed by this section for such year with respect to such parent shall be the amount equal to the sum of— (I) the amount determined under this section after the application of clause (i), plus (II) for each such child, 10 percent of the lesser of the amount described in paragraph (4)(A)(ii)(I) or the excess of the gross income of such child over the amount so described, and (iii) any interest which is an item of tax preference under section 57(a)(5) of the child shall be treated as an item of tax preference of such parent (and not of such child). (C) Regulations The Secretary shall prescribe such regula- tions as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this paragraph. (h) Maximum capital gains rate (1) In general If a taxpayer has a net capital gain for any taxable year, the tax imposed by this section for such taxable year shall not exceed the sum of— (A) a tax computed at the rates and in the same manner as if this subsection had not been enacted on the greater of— (i) taxable income reduced by the net capital gain; or (ii) the lesser of— (I) the amount of taxable income taxed at a rate below 25 percent; or (II) taxable income reduced by the ad- justed net capital gain; (B) 0 percent of so much of the adjusted net capital gain (or, if less, taxable income) as does not exceed the excess (if any) of— (i) the amount of taxable income which would (without regard to this paragraph) be taxed at a rate below 25 percent, over (ii) the taxable income reduced by the adjusted net capital gain; (C) 15 percent of the lesser of— (i) so much of the adjusted net capital gain (or, if less, taxable income) as exceeds the amount on which a tax is determined under subparagraph (B), or (ii) the excess of— (I) the amount of taxable income which would (without regard to this paragraph) be taxed at a rate below 39.6 percent, over (II) the sum of the amounts on which a tax is determined under subparagraphs (A) and (B), (D) 20 percent of the adjusted net capital gain (or, if less, taxable income) in excess of the sum of the amounts on which tax is de- termined under subparagraphs (B) and (C), (E) 25 percent of the excess (if any) of— (i) the unrecaptured section 1250 gain (or, if less, the net capital gain (determined without regard to paragraph (11))), over (ii) the excess (if any) of— (I) the sum of the amount on which tax is determined under subparagraph (A) plus the net capital gain, over (II) taxable income; and (F) 28 percent of the amount of taxable in- come in excess of the sum of the amounts on which tax is determined under the preceding subparagraphs of this paragraph. (2) Net capital gain taken into account as in- vestment income For purposes of this subsection, the net cap- ital gain for any taxable year shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount which the taxpayer takes into account as investment in- come under section 163(d)(4)(B)(iii). (3) Adjusted net capital gain For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘‘adjusted net capital gain’’ means the sum of— (A) net capital gain (determined without regard to paragraph (11)) reduced (but not below zero) by the sum of— (i) unrecaptured section 1250 gain, and (ii) 28-percent rate gain, plus (B) qualified dividend income (as defined in paragraph (11)). (4) 28-percent rate gain For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘‘28-percent rate gain’’ means the excess (if any) of— (A) the sum of— (i) collectibles gain; and (ii) section 1202 gain, over (B) the sum of— (i) collectibles loss; (ii) the net short-term capital loss; and (iii) the amount of long-term capital loss carried under section 1212(b)(1)(B) to the taxable year. (5) Collectibles gain and loss For purposes of this subsection— (A) In general The terms ‘‘collectibles gain’’ and ‘‘col- lectibles loss’’ mean gain or loss (respec- Page 29 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 tively) from the sale or exchange of a col- lectible (as defined in section 408(m) without regard to paragraph (3) thereof) which is a capital asset held for more than 1 year but only to the extent such gain is taken into account in computing gross income and such loss is taken into account in computing tax- able income. (B) Partnerships, etc. For purposes of subparagraph (A), any gain from the sale of an interest in a partnership, S corporation, or trust which is attributable to unrealized appreciation in the value of collectibles shall be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of a collectible. Rules simi- lar to the rules of section 751 shall apply for purposes of the preceding sentence. (6) Unrecaptured section 1250 gain For purposes of this subsection— (A) In general The term ‘‘unrecaptured section 1250 gain’’ means the excess (if any) of— (i) the amount of long-term capital gain (not otherwise treated as ordinary income) which would be treated as ordinary income if section 1250(b)(1) included all deprecia- tion and the applicable percentage under section 1250(a) were 100 percent, over (ii) the excess (if any) of— (I) the amount described in paragraph (4)(B); over (II) the amount described in paragraph (4)(A). (B) Limitation with respect to section 1231 property The amount described in subparagraph (A)(i) from sales, exchanges, and conversions described in section 1231(a)(3)(A) for any tax- able year shall not exceed the net section 1231 gain (as defined in section 1231(c)(3)) for such year. (7) Section 1202 gain For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘‘section 1202 gain’’ means the excess of— (A) the gain which would be excluded from gross income under section 1202 but for the percentage limitation in section 1202(a), over (B) the gain excluded from gross income under section 1202. (8) Coordination with recapture of net ordi- nary losses under section 1231 If any amount is treated as ordinary income under section 1231(c), such amount shall be al- located among the separate categories of net section 1231 gain (as defined in section 1231(c)(3)) in such manner as the Secretary may by forms or regulations prescribe. (9) Regulations The Secretary may prescribe such regula- tions as are appropriate (including regulations requiring reporting) to apply this subsection in the case of sales and exchanges by pass-thru entities and of interests in such entities. (10) Pass-thru entity defined For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘‘pass-thru entity’’ means— (A) a regulated investment company; (B) a real estate investment trust; (C) an S corporation; (D) a partnership; (E) an estate or trust; (F) a common trust fund; and (G) a qualified electing fund (as defined in section 1295). (11) Dividends taxed as net capital gain (A) In general For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘‘net capital gain’’ means net capital gain (determined without regard to this para- graph) increased by qualified dividend in- come. (B) Qualified dividend income For purposes of this paragraph— (i) In general The term ‘‘qualified dividend income’’ means dividends received during the tax- able year from— (I) domestic corporations, and (II) qualified foreign corporations. (ii) Certain dividends excluded Such term shall not include— (I) any dividend from a corporation which for the taxable year of the cor- poration in which the distribution is made, or the preceding taxable year, is a corporation exempt from tax under sec- tion 501 or 521, (II) any amount allowed as a deduction under section 591 (relating to deduction for dividends paid by mutual savings banks, etc.), and (III) any dividend described in section 404(k). (iii) Coordination with section 246(c) Such term shall not include any dividend on any share of stock— (I) with respect to which the holding period requirements of section 246(c) are not met (determined by substituting in section 246(c) ‘‘60 days’’ for ‘‘45 days’’ each place it appears and by substituting ‘‘121-day period’’ for ‘‘91-day period’’), or (II) to the extent that the taxpayer is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make re- lated payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related prop- erty. (C) Qualified foreign corporations (i) In general Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, the term ‘‘qualified foreign cor- poration’’ means any foreign corporation if— (I) such corporation is incorporated in a possession of the United States, or (II) such corporation is eligible for ben- efits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary determines is satisfactory for purposes of this paragraph and which in- cludes an exchange of information pro- gram. Page 30 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 (ii) Dividends on stock readily tradable on United States securities market A foreign corporation not otherwise treated as a qualified foreign corporation under clause (i) shall be so treated with re- spect to any dividend paid by such cor- poration if the stock with respect to which such dividend is paid is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. (iii) Exclusion of dividends of certain for- eign corporations Such term shall not include— (I) any foreign corporation which for the taxable year of the corporation in which the dividend was paid, or the pre- ceding taxable year, is a passive foreign investment company (as defined in sec- tion 1297), and (II) any corporation which first be- comes a surrogate foreign corporation (as defined in section 7874(a)(2)(B)) after the date of the enactment of this sub- clause, other than a foreign corporation which is treated as a domestic corpora- tion under section 7874(b). (iv) Coordination with foreign tax credit limitation Rules similar to the rules of section 904(b)(2)(B) shall apply with respect to the dividend rate differential under this para- graph. (D) Special rules (i) Amounts taken into account as invest- ment income Qualified dividend income shall not in- clude any amount which the taxpayer takes into account as investment income under section 163(d)(4)(B). (ii) Extraordinary dividends If a taxpayer to whom this section ap- plies receives, with respect to any share of stock, qualified dividend income from 1 or more dividends which are extraordinary dividends (within the meaning of section 1059(c)), any loss on the sale or exchange of such share shall, to the extent of such divi- dends, be treated as long-term capital loss. (iii) Treatment of dividends from regulated investment companies and real estate investment trusts A dividend received from a regulated in- vestment company or a real estate invest- ment trust shall be subject to the limita- tions prescribed in sections 854 and 857. (i) Rate reductions after 2000 (1) 10-percent rate bracket (A) In general In the case of taxable years beginning after December 31, 2000— (i) the rate of tax under subsections (a), (b), (c), and (d) on taxable income not over the initial bracket amount shall be 10 per- cent, and (ii) the 15 percent rate of tax shall apply only to taxable income over the initial bracket amount but not over the max- imum dollar amount for the 15-percent rate bracket. (B) Initial bracket amount For purposes of this paragraph, the initial bracket amount is— (i) $14,000 in the case of subsection (a), (ii) $10,000 in the case of subsection (b), and (iii) 1⁄2 the amount applicable under clause (i) (after adjustment, if any, under subparagraph (C)) in the case of sub- sections (c) and (d). (C) Inflation adjustment In prescribing the tables under subsection (f) which apply with respect to taxable years beginning in calendar years after 2003— (i) the cost-of-living adjustment shall be determined under subsection (f)(3) by sub- stituting ‘‘2002’’ for ‘‘2016’’ in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof, and (ii) the adjustments under clause (i) shall not apply to the amount referred to in subparagraph (B)(iii). If any amount after adjustment under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $50, such amount shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of $50. (2) 25-, 28-, and 33-percent rate brackets The tables under subsections (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) shall be applied— (A) by substituting ‘‘25%’’ for ‘‘28%’’ each place it appears (before the application of subparagraph (B)), (B) by substituting ‘‘28%’’ for ‘‘31%’’ each place it appears, and (C) by substituting ‘‘33%’’ for ‘‘36%’’ each place it appears. (3) Modifications to income tax brackets for high-income taxpayers (A) 35-percent rate bracket In the case of taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012— (i) the rate of tax under subsections (a), (b), (c), and (d) on a taxpayer’s taxable in- come in the highest rate bracket shall be 35 percent to the extent such income does not exceed an amount equal to the excess of— (I) the applicable threshold, over (II) the dollar amount at which such bracket begins, and (ii) the 39.6 percent rate of tax under such subsections shall apply only to the taxpayer’s taxable income in such bracket in excess of the amount to which clause (i) applies. (B) Applicable threshold For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘‘applicable threshold’’ means— (i) $450,000 in the case of subsection (a), (ii) $425,000 in the case of subsection (b), (iii) $400,000 in the case of subsection (c), and (iv) 1⁄2 the amount applicable under clause (i) (after adjustment, if any, under Page 31 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 subparagraph (C)) in the case of subsection (d). (C) Inflation adjustment For purposes of this paragraph, with re- spect to taxable years beginning in calendar years after 2013, each of the dollar amounts under clauses (i), (ii), and (iii) of subpara- graph (B) shall be adjusted in the same man- ner as under paragraph (1)(C)(i), except that subsection (f)(3)(A)(ii) shall be applied by substituting ‘‘2012’’ for ‘‘2016’’. (4) Adjustment of tables The Secretary shall adjust the tables pre- scribed under subsection (f) to carry out this subsection. (j) Modifications for taxable years 2018 through 2025 (1) In general In the case of a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026— (A) subsection (i) shall not apply, and (B) this section (other than subsection (i)) shall be applied as provided in paragraphs (2) through (6). (2) Rate tables (A) Married individuals filing joint returns and surviving spouses The following table shall be applied in lieu of the table contained in subsection (a): If taxable income is: The tax is: Not over $19,050 .......... 10% of taxable income. Over $19,050 but not over $77,400. $1,905, plus 12% of the ex- cess over $19,050. Over $77,400 but not over $165,000. $8,907, plus 22% of the ex- cess over $77,400. Over $165,000 but not over $315,000. $28,179, plus 24% of the ex- cess over $165,000. Over $315,000 but not over $400,000. $64,179, plus 32% of the ex- cess over $315,000. Over $400,000 but not over $600,000. $91,379, plus 35% of the ex- cess over $400,000. Over $600,000 ............... $161,379, plus 37% of the ex- cess over $600,000. (B) Heads of households The following table shall be applied in lieu of the table contained in subsection (b): If taxable income is: The tax is: Not over $13,600 .......... 10% of taxable income. Over $13,600 but not over $51,800. $1,360, plus 12% of the ex- cess over $13,600. Over $51,800 but not over $82,500. $5,944, plus 22% of the ex- cess over $51,800. Over $82,500 but not over $157,500. $12,698, plus 24% of the ex- cess over $82,500. Over $157,500 but not over $200,000. $30,698, plus 32% of the ex- cess over $157,500. Over $200,000 but not over $500,000. $44,298, plus 35% of the ex- cess over $200,000. Over $500,000 ............... $149,298, plus 37% of the ex- cess over $500,000. (C) Unmarried individuals other than sur- viving spouses and heads of households The following table shall be applied in lieu of the table contained in subsection (c): If taxable income is: The tax is: Not over $9,525 ........... 10% of taxable income. If taxable income is: The tax is: Over $9,525 but not over $38,700. $952.50, plus 12% of the ex- cess over $9,525. Over $38,700 but not over $82,500. $4,453.50, plus 22% of the excess over $38,700. Over $82,500 but not over $157,500. $14,089.50, plus 24% of the excess over $82,500. Over $157,500 but not over $200,000. $32,089.50, plus 32% of the excess over $157,500. Over $200,000 but not over $500,000. $45,689.50, plus 35% of the excess over $200,000. Over $500,000 ............... $150,689.50, plus 37% of the excess over $500,000. (D) Married individuals filing separate re- turns The following table shall be applied in lieu of the table contained in subsection (d): If taxable income is: The tax is: Not over $9,525 ........... 10% of taxable income. Over $9,525 but not over $38,700. $952.50, plus 12% of the ex- cess over $9,525. Over $38,700 but not over $82,500. $4,453.50, plus 22% of the excess over $38,700. Over $82,500 but not over $157,500. $14,089.50, plus 24% of the excess over $82,500. Over $157,500 but not over $200,000. $32,089.50, plus 32% of the excess over $157,500. Over $200,000 but not over $300,000. $45,689.50, plus 35% of the excess over $200,000. Over $300,000 ............... $80,689.50, plus 37% of the excess over $300,000. (E) Estates and trusts The following table shall be applied in lieu of the table contained in subsection (e): If taxable income is: The tax is: Not over $2,550 ........... 10% of taxable income. Over $2,550 but not over $9,150. $255, plus 24% of the excess over $2,550. Over $9,150 but not over $12,500. $1,839, plus 35% of the ex- cess over $9,150. Over $12,500 ................ $3,011.50, plus 37% of the excess over $12,500. (F) References to rate tables Any reference in this title to a rate of tax under subsection (c) shall be treated as a ref- erence to the corresponding rate bracket under subparagraph (C) of this paragraph, except that the reference in section 3402(q)(1) to the third lowest rate of tax applicable under subsection (c) shall be treated as a ref- erence to the fourth lowest rate of tax under subparagraph (C). (3) Adjustments (A) No adjustment in 2018 The tables contained in paragraph (2) shall apply without adjustment for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2019. (B) Subsequent years For taxable years beginning after Decem- ber 31, 2018, the Secretary shall prescribe ta- bles which shall apply in lieu of the tables contained in paragraph (2) in the same man- ner as under paragraphs (1) and (2) of sub- section (f) (applied without regard to clauses (i) and (ii) of subsection (f)(2)(A)), except that in prescribing such tables— (i) subsection (f)(3) shall be applied by substituting ‘‘calendar year 2017’’ for ‘‘cal- Page 32 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 endar year 2016’’ in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof, (ii) subsection (f)(7)(B) shall apply to any unmarried individual other than a sur- viving spouse or head of household, and (iii) subsection (f)(8) shall not apply. [(4) Repealed. Pub. L. 116–94, div. O, title V, § 501(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3180] (5) Application of current income tax brackets to capital gains brackets (A) In general Section 1(h)(1) shall be applied— (i) by substituting ‘‘below the maximum zero rate amount’’ for ‘‘which would (with- out regard to this paragraph) be taxed at a rate below 25 percent’’ in subparagraph (B)(i), and (ii) by substituting ‘‘below the maximum 15-percent rate amount’’ for ‘‘which would (without regard to this paragraph) be taxed at a rate below 39.6 percent’’ in sub- paragraph (C)(ii)(I). (B) Maximum amounts defined For purposes of applying section 1(h) with the modifications described in subparagraph (A)— (i) Maximum zero rate amount The maximum zero rate amount shall be— (I) in the case of a joint return or sur- viving spouse, $77,200, (II) in the case of an individual who is a head of household (as defined in sec- tion 2(b)), $51,700, (III) in the case of any other individual (other than an estate or trust), an amount equal to 1⁄2 of the amount in ef- fect for the taxable year under subclause (I), and (IV) in the case of an estate or trust, $2,600. (ii) Maximum 15-percent rate amount The maximum 15-percent rate amount shall be— (I) in the case of a joint return or sur- viving spouse, $479,000 (1⁄2 such amount in the case of a married individual filing a separate return), (II) in the case of an individual who is the head of a household (as defined in section 2(b)), $452,400, (III) in the case of any other individual (other than an estate or trust), $425,800, and (IV) in the case of an estate or trust, $12,700. (C) Inflation adjustment In the case of any taxable year beginning after 2018, each of the dollar amounts in clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (B) shall be increased by an amount equal to— (i) such dollar amount, multiplied by (ii) the cost-of-living adjustment deter- mined under subsection (f)(3) for the cal- endar year in which the taxable year be- gins, determined by substituting ‘‘calendar year 2017’’ for ‘‘calendar year 2016’’ in sub- paragraph (A)(ii) thereof. If any increase under this subparagraph is not a multiple of $50, such increase shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of $50. (6) Section 15 not to apply Section 15 shall not apply to any change in a rate of tax by reason of this subsection. (Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 5; Pub. L. 88–272, title I, § 111, Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 19; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, § 103(a)(2), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1550; Pub. L. 91–172, title VIII, § 803(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 678; Pub. L. 95–30, title I, § 101(a), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 127; Pub. L. 95–600, title I, § 101(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2767; Pub. L. 97–34, title I, §§ 101(a), 104(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 176, 188; Pub. L. 97–448, title I, § 101(a)(3), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2366; Pub. L. 99–514, title I, § 101(a), title III, § 302(a), title XIV, § 1411(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2096, 2218, 2714; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §§ 1001(a)(3), 1014(e)(1)–(3), (6), (7), title VI, § 6006(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3349, 3561, 3562, 3686; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §§ 7811(j)(1), 7816(b), 7831(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2411, 2420, 2425; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §§ 11101(a)–(c), (d)(1)(A), (2), 11103(c), 11104(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–403 to 1388–406, 1388–408; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §§ 13201(a), (b)(3)(A), (B), 13202(a), 13206(d)(2), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 457, 459, 461, 467; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1704(m)(1), (2), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1882, 1883; Pub. L. 105–34, title III, § 311(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 831; Pub. L. 105–206, title V, § 5001(a)(1)–(4), title VI, §§ 6005(d)(1), 6007(f)(1), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 787, 788, 800, 810; Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, § 4002(i)(1), (3), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–907, 2681–908; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title I, § 117(b)(1)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–604; Pub. L. 107–16, title I, § 101(a), (c)(1), (2), title III, §§ 301(c)(1), 302(a), (b), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 41, 43, 54; Pub. L. 108–27, title I, §§ 102(a), (b)(1), 104(a), (b), 105(a), title III, §§ 301(a)(1), (2)(A), (b)(1), 302(a), (e)(1), May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 754, 755, 758, 760, 763; Pub. L. 108–311, title I, § 101(c), (d), title IV, §§ 402(a)(1)–(3), 408(a)(1), (2), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1167, 1168, 1184, 1190; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, § 413(c)(1), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1506; Pub. L. 109–222, title V, § 510(a)—(c), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 364; Pub. L. 110–28, title VIII, § 8241(a), (b), May 25, 2007, 121 Stat. 199; Pub. L. 110–185, title I, § 101(f)(2), Feb. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 617; Pub. L. 112–240, title I, §§ 101(b)(1), 102(b)(1), (c)(2), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2316, 2318, 2319; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, § 221(a)(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4037; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§ 11001(a), 11002(a)–(c), 14223(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2054, 2059, 2220; Pub. L. 116–94, div. O, title V, § 501(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3180.) INFLATION ADJUSTED ITEMS FOR CERTAIN YEARS For inflation adjustment of certain items in this section, see Revenue Procedures listed in a table below. Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT The date of the enactment of this subclause, referred to in subsec. (h)(11)(C)(iii)(II), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–97, which was approved Dec. 22, 2017. Page 33 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 AMENDMENTS 2019—Subsec. (j)(4). Pub. L. 116–94 struck out par. (4) which related to special rules for certain children with unearned income. 2017—Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–97, § 11002(c)(1), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: ‘‘except as provided in para- graph (8), by increasing the minimum and maximum dollar amounts for each rate bracket for which a tax is imposed under such table by the cost-of-living adjust- ment for such calendar year,’’. Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 115–97, § 11002(a), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘For purposes of paragraph (2), the cost-of-living adjustment for any calendar year is the percentage (if any) by which— ‘‘(A) the CPI for the preceding calendar year, ex- ceeds ‘‘(B) the CPI for the calendar year 1992.’’ Subsec. (f)(6), (7). Pub. L. 115–97, § 11002(b), added par. (6), redesignated former par. (6) as (7), and struck out former par. (7). Prior to amendment, text of par. (7) read as follows: ‘‘In prescribing tables under paragraph (1) which apply to taxable years beginning in a calendar year after 1994, the cost-of-living adjustment used in making adjustments to the dollar amounts at which the 36 percent rate bracket begins or at which the 39.6 percent rate bracket begins shall be determined under paragraph (3) by substituting ‘1993’ for ‘1992’.’’ Subsec. (h)(11)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 115–97, § 14223(a), sub- stituted ‘‘shall not include—’’ for ‘‘shall not include’’, inserted subcl. (I) designation before ‘‘any foreign cor- poration’’, and added subcl. (II). Subsec. (i)(1)(C)(i). Pub. L. 115–97, § 11002(c)(2)(A), sub- stituted ‘‘for ‘2016’ in subparagraph (A)(ii)’’ for ‘‘for ‘1992’ in subparagraph (B)’’. Subsec. (i)(3)(C). Pub. L. 115–97, § 11002(c)(2)(B), sub- stituted ‘‘subsection (f)(3)(A)(ii) shall be applied by sub- stituting ‘2012’ for ‘2016’ ’’ for ‘‘subsection (f)(3)(B) shall be applied by substituting ‘2012’ for ‘1992’ ’’. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 115–97, § 11001(a), added subsec. (j). 2014—Subsec. (f)(7). Pub. L. 113–295 amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘(A) CALENDAR YEAR 1994.—In prescribing the tables under paragraph (1) which apply with respect to taxable years beginning in calendar year 1994, the Secretary shall make no adjustment to the dollar amounts at which the 36 percent rate bracket begins or at which the 39.6 percent rate begins under any table contained in subsection (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e). ‘‘(B) LATER CALENDAR YEARS.—In prescribing tables under paragraph (1) which apply with respect to taxable years beginning in a calendar year after 1994, the cost- of-living adjustment used in making adjustments to the dollar amounts referred to in subparagraph (A) shall be determined under paragraph (3) by substituting ‘1993’ for ‘1992’.’’ 2013—Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 112–240, § 102(c)(2), sub- stituted ‘‘0 percent’’ for ‘‘5 percent (0 percent in the case of taxable years beginning after 2007)’’ in introduc- tory provisions. Subsec. (h)(1)(C) to (F). Pub. L. 112–240, § 102(b)(1), added subpars. (C) and (D), redesignated former sub- pars. (D) and (E) as (E) and (F), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: ‘‘15 per- cent of the adjusted net capital gain (or, if less, taxable income) in excess of the amount on which a tax is de- termined under subparagraph (B);’’. Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 112–240, § 101(b)(1)(A), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) related to reductions in rates after June 30, 2001. Subsec. (i)(3), (4). Pub. L. 112–240, § 101(b)(1)(B), added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4). 2008—Subsec. (i)(1)(D). Pub. L. 110–185 struck out heading and text of subpar. (D). Text read as follows: ‘‘This paragraph shall not apply to any taxable year to which section 6428 applies.’’ 2007—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 110–28, § 8241(b), struck out ‘‘minor’’ before ‘‘children’’ in heading. Subsec. (g)(2)(A). Pub. L. 110–28, § 8241(a), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: ‘‘such child has not attained age 18 be- fore the close of the taxable year,’’. 2006—Subsec. (g)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–222, § 510(a), sub- stituted ‘‘age 18’’ for ‘‘age 14’’. Subsec. (g)(2)(C). Pub. L. 109–222, § 510(c), added sub- par. (C). Subsec. (g)(4)(C). Pub. L. 109–222, § 510(b), added sub- par. (C). 2004—Subsec. (f)(8). Pub. L. 108–311, § 101(c), amended par. (8) generally, substituting provisions relating to elimination of marriage penalty in 15-percent bracket for provisions relating to phaseout of marriage penalty in 15-percent bracket. Subsec. (g)(7)(B)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 108–311, § 408(a)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘10 percent’’ for ‘‘10 percent.’’ Subsec. (h)(1)(D)(i). Pub. L. 108–311, § 402(a)(1), in- serted ‘‘(determined without regard to paragraph (11))’’ after ‘‘net capital gain’’. Subsec. (h)(6)(A)(ii)(I). Pub. L. 108–311, § 408(a)(2)(A), substituted ‘‘(4)(B)’’ for ‘‘(5)(B)’’. Subsec. (h)(6)(A)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 108–311, § 408(a)(2)(B), substituted ‘‘(4)(A)’’ for ‘‘(5)(A)’’. Subsec. (h)(10)(F) to (H). Pub. L. 108–357, § 413(c)(1)(A), inserted ‘‘and’’ at end of subpar. (F), redesignated sub- par. (H) as (G), and struck out former subpar. (G) which read as follows: ‘‘a foreign investment company which is described in section 1246(b)(1) and for which an elec- tion is in effect under section 1247; and’’. Subsec. (h)(11)(B)(iii)(I). Pub. L. 108–311, § 402(a)(2), substituted ‘‘substituting in section 246(c)’’ for ‘‘sub- stituting in section 246(c)(1)’’, ‘‘121-day period’’ for ‘‘120- day period’’, and ‘‘91-day period’’ for ‘‘90-day period’’. Subsec. (h)(11)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 108–357, § 413(c)(1)(B), struck out ‘‘a foreign personal holding company (as de- fined in section 552), a foreign investment company (as defined in section 1246(b)), or’’ before ‘‘a passive foreign investment’’. Subsec. (h)(11)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 108–311, § 402(a)(3), sub- stituted ‘‘a taxpayer to whom this section applies’’ for ‘‘an individual’’. Subsec. (i)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 108–311, § 101(d)(1), struck out ‘‘($12,000 in the case of taxable years beginning after December 31, 2004, and before January 1, 2008)’’ after ‘‘$14,000’’. Subsec. (i)(1)(C). Pub. L. 108–311, § 101(d)(2), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally, substituting provisions relating to inflation adjust- ment in calendar years after 2003 for such provisions in calendar years after 2000. 2003—Subsec. (f)(8)(A). Pub. L. 108–27, § 102(b)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘2002’’ for ‘‘2004’’. Subsec. (f)(8)(B). Pub. L. 108–27, § 102(a), inserted table item relating to years 2003 and 2004. Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 108–27, § 301(a)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘5 percent (0 percent in the case of taxable years beginning after 2007)’’ for ‘‘10 percent’’. Subsec. (h)(1)(C). Pub. L. 108–27, § 301(a)(2)(A), sub- stituted ‘‘15 percent’’ for ‘‘20 percent’’. Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 108–27, § 301(b)(1)(A), (B), redes- ignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out heading and text of former par. (2). Text read as follows: ‘‘(A) REDUCTION IN 10-PERCENT RATE.—In the case of any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2000, the rate under paragraph (1)(B) shall be 8 percent with re- spect to so much of the amount to which the 10-percent rate would otherwise apply as does not exceed qualified 5-year gain, and 10 percent with respect to the remain- der of such amount. ‘‘(B) REDUCTION IN 20-PERCENT RATE.—The rate under paragraph (1)(C) shall be 18 percent with respect to so much of the amount to which the 20-percent rate would otherwise apply as does not exceed the lesser of— ‘‘(i) the excess of qualified 5-year gain over the amount of such gain taken into account under sub- paragraph (A) of this paragraph; or ‘‘(ii) the amount of qualified 5-year gain (deter- mined by taking into account only property the hold- ing period for which begins after December 31, 2000), Page 34 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 and 20 percent with respect to the remainder of such amount. For purposes of determining under the pre- ceding sentence whether the holding period of property begins after December 31, 2000, the holding period of property acquired pursuant to the exercise of an option (or other right or obligation to acquire property) shall include the period such option (or other right or obliga- tion) was held.’’ Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 108–27, § 302(e)(1), amended heading and text of par. (3) generally. Prior to amend- ment, text read as follows: ‘‘For purposes of this sub- section, the term ‘adjusted net capital gain’ means net capital gain reduced (but not below zero) by the sum of— ‘‘(A) unrecaptured section 1250 gain; and ‘‘(B) 28-percent rate gain.’’ Pub. L. 108–27, § 301(b)(1)(B), redesignated par. (4) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (2). Subsec. (h)(4) to (7). Pub. L. 108–27, § 301(b)(1)(B), re- designated pars. (5) to (8) as (4) to (7), respectively. Former par. (4) redesignated (3). Subsec. (h)(8). Pub. L. 108–27, § 301(b)(1)(C), redesig- nated par. (10) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (7). Subsec. (h)(9). Pub. L. 108–27, § 301(b)(1)(A), (C), redes- ignated par. (11) as (9) and struck out heading and text of former par. (9). Text read as follows: ‘‘For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘qualified 5-year gain’ means the aggregate long-term capital gain from prop- erty held for more than 5 years. The determination under the preceding sentence shall be made without re- gard to collectibles gain, gain described in paragraph (7)(A)(i), and section 1202 gain.’’ Subsec. (h)(10). Pub. L. 108–27, § 301(b)(1)(C), redesig- nated par. (12) as (10). Former par. (10) redesignated (8). Subsec. (h)(11). Pub. L. 108–27, § 302(a), added par. (11). Pub. L. 108–27, § 301(b)(1)(C), redesignated par. (11) as (9). Subsec. (h)(12). Pub. L. 108–27, § 301(b)(1)(C), redesig- nated par. (12) as (10). Subsec. (i)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 108–27, § 104(a), substituted ‘‘($12,000 in the case of taxable years beginning after December 31, 2004, and before January 1, 2008)’’ for ‘‘($12,000 in the case of taxable years beginning before January 1, 2008)’’. Subsec. (i)(1)(C). Pub. L. 108–27, § 104(b), amended heading and text of subpar. (C) generally. Text read as follows: ‘‘In prescribing the tables under subsection (f) which apply with respect to taxable years beginning in calendar years after 2000— ‘‘(i) the Secretary shall make no adjustment to the initial bracket amount for any taxable year begin- ning before January 1, 2009, ‘‘(ii) the cost-of-living adjustment used in making adjustments to the initial bracket amount for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2008, shall be determined under subsection (f)(3) by substituting ‘2007’ for ‘1992’ in subparagraph (B) thereof, and ‘‘(iii) such adjustment shall not apply to the amount referred to in subparagraph (B)(iii). If any amount after adjustment under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $50, such amount shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of $50.’’ Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 108–27, § 105(a), amended table generally. Prior to amendment, table read as follows: ‘‘In the case of tax- able years beginning during calendar year: The corresponding percent- ages shall be substituted for the following percentages: 28% 31% 36% 39.6% 2001 ........................... 27.5% 30.5% 35.5% 39.1% 2002 and 2003 ............. 27.0% 30.0% 35.0% 38.6% 2004 and 2005 ............. 26.0% 29.0% 34.0% 37.6% 2006 and thereafter ... 25.0% 28.0% 33.0% 35.0%’’ 2001—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107–16, § 302(b)(2), substituted ‘‘Phaseout of marriage penalty in 15-percent bracket; adjustments’’ for ‘‘Adjustments’’ in heading. Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 107–16, § 302(b)(1), inserted ‘‘except as provided in paragraph (8),’’ before ‘‘by in- creasing’’. Subsec. (f)(6)(B). Pub. L. 107–16, § 301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘(other than with respect to sections 63(c)(4) and 151(d)(4)(A)) shall be applied’’ for ‘‘(other than with re- spect to subsection (c)(4) of section 63 (as it applies to subsections (c)(5)(A) and (f) of such section) and section 151(d)(4)(A)) shall be applied’’. Subsec. (f)(8). Pub. L. 107–16, § 302(a), added par. (8). Subsec. (g)(7)(B)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 107–16, § 101(c)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘10 percent.’’ for ‘‘15 percent’’. Subsec. (h)(1)(A)(ii)(I), (B)(i). Pub. L. 107–16, § 101(c)(2)(A), substituted ‘‘25 percent’’ for ‘‘28 percent’’. Subsec. (h)(13). Pub. L. 107–16, § 101(c)(2)(B), struck out par. (13), which set out special rules for determina- tion of 28-percent rate gain, unrecaptured section 1250 gain, pass-thru entities, and charitable remainder trusts. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–16, § 101(a), added subsec. (i). 2000—Subsec.(h)(8). Pub. L. 106–554 substituted ‘‘means the excess of—’’ and subpars. (A) and (B) for ‘‘means an amount equal to the gain excluded from gross income under section 1202(a).’’ 1998—Subsec. (g)(3)(C), (D). Pub. L. 105–206, § 6007(f)(1), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C) and struck out heading and text of former subpar. (C). Text read as follows: ‘‘If tax is imposed under section 644(a)(1) with respect to the sale or exchange of any property of which the par- ent was the transferor, for purposes of applying sub- paragraph (A) to the taxable year of the parent in which such sale or exchange occurs— ‘‘(i) taxable income of the parent shall be increased by the amount treated as included in gross income under section 644(a)(2)(A)(i), and ‘‘(ii) the amount described in subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be increased by the amount of the excess re- ferred to in section 644(a)(2)(A).’’ Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–206, § 6005(d)(1), reenacted sub- sec. heading without change and amended text of sub- sec. (h) generally, substituting present provisions com- prising pars. (1) to (13) for former similar provisions comprising pars. (1) to (11). Subsec. (h)(5). Pub. L. 105–206, § 5001(a)(1), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: ‘‘(5) 28-PERCENT RATE GAIN.—For purposes of this sub- section— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘28-percent rate gain’ means the excess (if any) of— ‘‘(i) the sum of— ‘‘(I) the aggregate long-term capital gain from property held for more than 1 year but not more than 18 months; ‘‘(II) collectibles gain; and ‘‘(III) section 1202 gain, over ‘‘(ii) the sum of— ‘‘(I) the aggregate long-term capital loss (not described in subclause (IV)) from property re- ferred to in clause (i)(I); ‘‘(II) collectibles loss; ‘‘(III) the net short-term capital loss; and ‘‘(IV) the amount of long-term capital loss car- ried under section 1212(b)(1)(B) to the taxable year. ‘‘(B) SPECIAL RULES.— ‘‘(i) SHORT SALE GAINS AND HOLDING PERIODS.— Rules similar to the rules of section 1233(b) shall apply where the substantially identical property has been held more than 1 year but not more than 18 months; except that, for purposes of such rules— ‘‘(I) section 1233(b)(1) shall be applied by sub- stituting ‘18 months’ for ‘1 year’ each place it ap- pears; and ‘‘(II) the holding period of such property shall be treated as being 1 year on the day before the earlier of the date of the closing of the short sale or the date such property is disposed of. ‘‘(ii) LONG-TERM LOSSES.—Section 1233(d) shall be applied separately by substituting ‘18 months’ for ‘1 year’ each place it appears. ‘‘(iii) OPTIONS.—A rule similar to the rule of sec- tion 1092(f) shall apply where the stock was held for more than 18 months. Page 35 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 ‘‘(iv) SECTION 1256 CONTRACTS.—Amounts treated as long-term capital gain or loss under section 1256(a)(3) shall be treated as attributable to prop- erty held for more than 18 months.’’ Subsec. (h)(6)(A). Pub. L. 105–206, § 5001(a)(2), sub- stituted ‘‘1 year’’ for ‘‘18 months’’. Subsec. (h)(7)(A)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 105–206, § 5001(a)(3), amended cls. (i) and (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cls. (i) and (ii) read as follows: ‘‘(i) the amount of long-term capital gain (not other- wise treated as ordinary income) which would be treat- ed as ordinary income if— ‘‘(I) section 1250(b)(1) included all depreciation and the applicable percentage under section 1250(a) were 100 percent, and ‘‘(II) only gain from property held for more than 18 months were taken into account, over ‘‘(ii) the excess (if any) of— ‘‘(I) the amount described in paragraph (5)(A)(ii), over ‘‘(II) the amount described in paragraph (5)(A)(i).’’ Subsec. (h)(13). Pub. L. 105–206, § 5001(a)(4), struck out ‘‘for periods during 1997’’ after ‘‘Special rules’’ in par. heading and amended headings and text of subpars. (A) and (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpars. (A) and (B) read as follows: ‘‘(A) DETERMINATION OF 28-PERCENT RATE GAIN.—In ap- plying paragraph (5)— ‘‘(i) the amount determined under subclause (I) of paragraph (5)(A)(i) shall include long-term capital gain (not otherwise described in paragraph (5)(A)(i)) which is properly taken into account for the portion of the taxable year before May 7, 1997; ‘‘(ii) the amounts determined under subclause (I) of paragraph (5)(A)(ii) shall include long-term capital loss (not otherwise described in paragraph (5)(A)(ii)) which is properly taken into account for the portion of the taxable year before May 7, 1997; and ‘‘(iii) clauses (i)(I) and (ii)(I) of paragraph (5)(A) shall be applied by not taking into account any gain and loss on property held for more than 1 year but not more than 18 months which is properly taken into account for the portion of the taxable year after May 6, 1997, and before July 29, 1997. ‘‘(B) OTHER SPECIAL RULES.— ‘‘(i) DETERMINATION OF UNRECAPTURED SECTION 1250 GAIN NOT TO INCLUDE PRE-MAY 7, 1997 GAIN.—The amount determined under paragraph (7)(A)(i) shall not include gain properly taken into account for the portion of the taxable year before May 7, 1997. ‘‘(ii) OTHER TRANSITIONAL RULES FOR 18-MONTH HOLD- ING PERIOD.—Paragraphs (6)(A) and (7)(A)(i)(II) shall be applied by substituting ‘1 year’ for ‘18 months’ with respect to gain properly taken into account for the portion of the taxable year after May 6, 1997, and before July 29, 1997.’’ Subsec. (h)(13)(B). Pub. L. 105–277, § 4002(i)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘paragraph (7)(A)(i)’’ for ‘‘paragraph (7)(A)’’ in introductory provisions. Subsec. (h)(13)(D). Pub. L. 105–277, § 4002(i)(3), added subpar. (D). 1997—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–34 amended heading and text of subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘If a taxpayer has a net capital gain for any taxable year, then the tax imposed by this section shall not exceed the sum of— ‘‘(1) a tax computed at the rates and in the same manner as if this subsection had not been enacted on the greater of— ‘‘(A) taxable income reduced by the amount of the net capital gain, or ‘‘(B) the amount of taxable income taxed at a rate below 28 percent, plus ‘‘(2) a tax of 28 percent of the amount of taxable in- come in excess of the amount determined under para- graph (1). For purposes of the preceding sentence, the net capital gain for any taxable year shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount which the taxpayer elects to take into account as investment income for the taxable year under section 163(d)(4)(B)(iii).’’ 1996—Subsec. (g)(7)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1704(m)(1), amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: ‘‘such gross income is more than $500 and less than $5,000,’’. Subsec. (g)(7)(B)(i). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1704(m)(2)(A), substituted ‘‘twice the amount described in paragraph (4)(A)(ii)(I)’’ for ‘‘$1,000’’. Subsec. (g)(7)(B)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1704(m)(2)(B), amended subcl. (II) generally. Prior to amendment, subcl. (II) read as follows: ‘‘for each such child, the less- er of $75 or 15 percent of the excess of the gross income of such child over $500, and’’. 1993—Subsecs. (a) to (e). Pub. L. 103–66, §§ 13201(a), 13202(a), amended subsecs. (a) to (e) generally, sub- stituting five-tiered tax tables for all categories appli- cable to tax years after December 31, 1992, for prior three-tiered tax tables. Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 103–66, § 13201(b)(3)(A)(i), sub- stituted ‘‘1993’’ for ‘‘1990’’. Subsec. (f)(3)(B). Pub. L. 103–66, § 13201(b)(3)(A)(ii), substituted ‘‘1992’’ for ‘‘1989’’. Subsec. (f)(7). Pub. L. 103–66, § 13201(b)(3)(B), added par. (7). Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103–66, § 13206(d)(2), inserted as concluding provision at end ‘‘For purposes of the pre- ceding sentence, the net capital gain for any taxable year shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount which the taxpayer elects to take into account as investment income for the taxable year under sec- tion 163(d)(4)(B)(iii).’’ 1990—Subsecs. (a) to (e). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11101(a), amended subsecs. (a) to (e) generally, substituting three-tiered tax tables for all categories applicable to tax years after Dec. 31, 1990, for prior two-tiered tax ta- bles. Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11101(d)(1)(A)(i), sub- stituted ‘‘1990’’ for ‘‘1988’’. Subsec. (f)(3)(B). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11101(d)(1)(A)(ii), substituted ‘‘1989’’ for ‘‘1987’’. Subsec. (f)(6)(A). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11104(b)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘section 151(d)(4)’’ for ‘‘section 151(d)(3)’’. Pub. L. 101–508, § 11103(c), inserted reference to section 68(b)(2). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11101(b)(2), struck out ‘‘subsection (g)(4),’’ after ‘‘paragraph (2)(A),’’. Subsec. (f)(6)(B). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11104(b)(2), sub- stituted ‘‘section 151(d)(4)(A)’’ for ‘‘section 151(d)(3)’’. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11101(d)(2), redesignated subsec. (i) as (g). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11101(b)(1), struck out subsec. (g) which provided for phaseout of 15-percent rate and per- sonal exemptions. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11101(d)(2), redesignated subsec. (j) as (h) and struck out former subsec. (h) which provided tax schedules for taxable years begin- ning in 1987. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11101(d)(2), redesignated subsec. (i) as (g). Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11101(d)(2), redesignated subsec. (j) as (h). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11101(c), amended subsec. (j) gen- erally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (j) read as follows: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—If a taxpayer has a net capital gain for any taxable year to which this subsection applies, then the tax imposed by this section shall not exceed the sum of— ‘‘(A) a tax computed at the rates and in the same manner as if this subsection had not been enacted on the greater of— ‘‘(i) the taxable income reduced by the amount of net capital gain, or ‘‘(ii) the amount of taxable income taxed at a rate below 28 percent, plus ‘‘(B) a tax of 28 percent of the amount of taxable in- come in excess of the amount determined under sub- paragraph (A), plus ‘‘(C) the amount of increase determined under sub- section (g). ‘‘(2) YEARS TO WHICH SUBSECTION APPLIES.—This sub- section shall apply to— Page 36 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 ‘‘(A) any taxable year beginning in 1987, and ‘‘(B) any taxable year beginning after 1987 if the highest rate of tax set forth in subsection (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e) (whichever applies) for such taxable year exceeds 28 percent.’’ 1989—Subsec. (f)(6)(B). Pub. L. 101–239, § 7831(a), sub- stituted ‘‘subsection (c)(4) of section 63 (as it applies to subsections (c)(5)(A) and (f) of such section) and section 151(d)(3)’’ for ‘‘section 63(c)(4)’’. Subsec. (i)(3)(C), (D). Pub. L. 101–239, § 7811(j)(1), redes- ignated subpar. (C), relating to special rule where par- ent has different taxable year, as (D). Subsec. (i)(7)(A). Pub. L. 101–239, § 7816(b), inserted ‘‘(other than for purposes of this paragraph)’’ after ‘‘shall be treated’’ in concluding provisions. 1988—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1001(a)(3), in- serted provision relating to application of subpar. (B) at end of last sentence. Subsec. (i)(3)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1014(e)(2), sub- stituted ‘‘any exclusion, deduction, or credit’’ for ‘‘any deduction or credit’’. Subsec. (i)(3)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1014(e)(7), added subpar. (C) relating to special rule where parent has different taxable year. Pub. L. 100–647, § 1014(e)(1), added subpar. (C) relating to coordination with section 644. Subsec. (i)(4)(A)(i). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1014(e)(3)(A), sub- stituted ‘‘adjusted gross income’’ for ‘‘gross income’’ and inserted ‘‘attributable to’’ after ‘‘which is not’’. Subsec. (i)(4)(A)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1014(e)(3)(B)–(D), substituted ‘‘his deductions’’ for ‘‘his deduction’’, ‘‘the itemized deductions allowed’’ for ‘‘the deductions allowed’’, and ‘‘adjusted gross income’’ for ‘‘gross income’’. Subsec. (i)(5)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1014(e)(6), sub- stituted ‘‘custodial parent (within the meaning of sec- tion 152(e))’’ for ‘‘custodial parent’’. Subsec. (i)(7). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6006(a), added par. (7). 1986—Subsecs. (a) to (e). Pub. L. 99–514, § 101(a), in amending subsecs. (a) to (e) generally, substituted a general tax table for tax tables (1), (2), and (3) in each subsec. applicable to taxable years beginning in 1982, 1983, and after 1983, respectively. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–514, § 101(a), in amending sub- sec. (f) generally, in par. (1) substituted ‘‘1988,’’ for ‘‘1984’’ and struck out ‘‘paragraph (3) of’’ before ‘‘sub- sections’’, in par. (2) struck out ‘‘paragraph (3) of’’ be- fore ‘‘subsection’’ in introductory provisions, sub- stituted subpars. (A) to (C) for former subpars. (A) to (C) which read as follows: ‘‘(A) by increasing— ‘‘(i) the maximum dollar amount on which no tax is imposed under such table, and ‘‘(ii) the minimum and maximum dollar amounts for each rate bracket for which a tax is imposed under such table, by the cost-of-living adjustment for such calendar year, ‘‘(B) by not changing the rate applicable to any rate bracket as adjusted under subparagraph (A)(ii), and ‘‘(C) by adjusting the amounts setting forth the tax to the extent necessary to reflect the adjustments in the rate brackets.’’, and struck out concluding provisions which read as fol- lows: ‘‘If any increase determined under subparagraph (A) is not a multiple of $10, such increase shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $10 (or if such in- crease is a multiple of $5, such increase shall be in- creased to the next highest multiple of $10).’’, in par. (3)(B) substituted ‘‘1987’’ for ‘‘1983’’, in par. (4) sub- stituted ‘‘August 31’’ for ‘‘September 30’’, in par. (5) in- serted requirement that the Consumer Price Index most consistent with such Index for calendar year 1986 be used, and added par. (6). Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 99–514, § 101(a), in amending section generally, added subsecs. (g) and (h). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1411(a), added subsec. (i). Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 99–514, § 302(a), added subsec. (j). 1982—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 97–448, § 101(a)(3), set out as a note below, provided for amendment of the ta- bles applying to married individuals filing separately or to estates and trusts so as to correct any figure dif- fering by not more than 50 cents from the correct amount under the formula used in constructing such table. Corrections to the tables in subsecs. (d) and (e) appeared in Announcement 83–50 contained in Internal Revenue Bulletin No. 1983–12 of Mar. 21, 1983. 1981—Subsecs. (a) to (e). Pub. L. 97–34, § 101(a), gen- erally revised tax tables downward providing for cumu- lative across-the-board reductions of 23 percent on a three phase schedule under which different new rates were set for taxable years beginning in 1982, for taxable years beginning in 1983, and for taxable years beginning after 1983. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97–34, § 104(a), added subsec. (f). 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–600 generally made a downward revision of tax table for married individuals filing joint returns and surviving spouses resulting in a table under which, among other changes, a bottom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $3,400 or less was substituted for a bottom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $3,200 or less. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–600 generally made a downward revision of tax table for heads of household resulting in a table under which, among other changes, a bottom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $2,300 or less was substituted for a bottom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $2,200 or less. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–600 generally made a downward revision of tax table for unmarried individuals other than surviving spouses and heads of households result- ing in a table under which, among other changes, a bot- tom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $2,300 or less was substituted for a bottom bracket im- posing no tax on taxable income of $2,200 or less. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–600 generally made a downward revision of tax tables for married individuals filing sep- arate returns resulting in a table under which, among other changes, a bottom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $1,700 or less was substituted for a bottom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $1,600 or less. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–600 generally made a downward revision of tax tables for estates and trusts resulting in a table under which, among other changes, a bottom bracket under which a tax of 14% is imposed on taxable income of $1,050 for a bottom bracket under which a tax of 14% was imposed on taxable income of $500 or less. 1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–30 generally made a downward revision of tax table for married individuals filing joint returns and surviving spouses resulting in a table under which, among other changes, a bottom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $3,200 or less was substituted for a bottom bracket under which a tax of 14% had been imposed on a taxable income of $1,000 or less. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–30 generally made a downward revision of tax table for heads of households resulting in a table under which, among other changes, a bottom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $2,200 or less was substituted for a bottom bracket under which a tax of 14% had been imposed on a taxable income of $1,000 or less. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–30 generally made a downward revision of tax table for unmarried individuals other than surviving spouses and heads of households result- ing in a table under which, among other changes, a bot- tom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $2,200 or less was substituted for a bottom bracket under which a tax of 14% had been imposed on a taxable income of $500 or less. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–30 generally made a downward revision of tax table for married individuals filing sepa- rate returns resulting in a table under which, among other changes, a bottom bracket imposing no tax on taxable income of $1,600 or less was substituted for a bottom bracket under which a tax of 14% had been im- posed on a taxable income of $500 or less. Provisions making table applicable to estates and trusts were struck out. See subsec. (e). Page 37 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–30 added subsec. (e) consisting of table formerly contained in subsec. (d) but without any downward revision and limited so as to apply only to estates and trusts. 1969—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–172 substituted a table of rates of tax for married individuals filing joint returns and surviving spouses for the tables of rates of tax on individuals. For rates of taxes on unmarried individuals and married persons filing separate returns, see sub- secs. (c) and (d) of this section. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–172 generally revised rates of tax of heads of household downwards and struck out provisions defining head of household, determination of status, and limitations. For definition of head of house- hold, determination of status, and limitations, see sec- tion 2(b) of this title. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–172 substituted rates of tax on unmarried individuals (other than surviving spouses and heads of household) for special rules explaining the rates of tax imposed under former subsecs. (a) and (b)(1) and prescribing a maximum limit of 87 percent of the taxable year. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91–172 substituted a table of rates of tax for married individuals filing separate returns for provision prescribing the applicability of the rates to non-resident aliens. For applicability of rates of tax to non-resident aliens, see section 2(d) of this title. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 91–172 struck out cross reference to section 63. See section 2(e) of this title. 1966—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 89–809 added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e). 1964—Pub. L. 88–272 amended section generally by splitting the former first bracket which started at $2,000 into four new brackets, the 14 percent bracket representing a 30 percent reduction, the 15 percent bracket a 25 percent cut, and the 16 percent bracket a 20 percent cut, and reducing all other brackets by cuts averaging about 20 percent and effectuated these cuts in two steps, one in 1964, and one in 1965. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2019 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 116–94, div. O, title V, § 501(c), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3181, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years be- ginning after December 31, 2019. ‘‘(2) COORDINATION WITH ALTERNATIVE MINIMUM TAX.— The amendment made by subsection (b) [amending sec- tion 55 of this title] shall apply to taxable years begin- ning after December 31, 2017. ‘‘(3) ELECTIVE RETROACTIVE APPLICATION.—A taxpayer may elect (at such time and in such manner as the Sec- retary of the Treasury (or the Secretary’s designee) may provide) for the amendment made by subsection (a) to also apply to taxable years of the taxpayer which begin in 2018, 2019, or both (as specified by the taxpayer in such election).’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2017 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 11001(c), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2059, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 6695 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after De- cember 31, 2017.’’ Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 11002(e), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2063, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 23, 25A, 25B, 32, 36B, 41, 42, 45R, 55, 59, 62, 63, 68, 125, 132, 135, 137, 146, 147, 151, 162, 179, 213, 219–221, 223, 280F, 408A, 430, 512, 513, 831, 877A, 911, 1274A, 2010, 2032A, 2503, 4161, 4261, 4980I, 5000A, 6039F, 6323, 6334, 6601, 6651, 6652, 6695, 6698, 6699, 6721, 6722, 7345, 7430, 7872, and 9831 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017.’’ Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 14223(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2221, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to dividends received after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2017].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2014 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, § 221(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4055, provided that: ‘‘(1) GENERAL RULE.—Except as otherwise provided in subsection (a) [see Tables for classification] or para- graph (2) of this subsection, the amendments made by this section [see Tables for classification] shall take ef- fect on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014]. ‘‘(2) SAVINGS PROVISION.—If— ‘‘(A) any provision amended or repealed by the amendments made by this section applied to— ‘‘(i) any transaction occurring before the date of the enactment of this Act, ‘‘(ii) any property acquired before such date of en- actment, or ‘‘(iii) any item of income, loss, deduction, or cred- it taken into account before such date of enact- ment, and ‘‘(B) the treatment of such transaction, property, or item under such provision would (without regard to the amendments or repeals made by this section) affect the liability for tax for periods ending after [such] date of enactment, nothing in the amendments or repeals made by this section shall be construed to affect the treatment of such transaction, property, or item for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after such date of enactment.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2013 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 112–240, title I, § 101(b)(3), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2317, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section and sections 68 and 151 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012.’’ Pub. L. 112–240, title I, § 102(d), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2319, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided, the amendments made by subsections (b) and (c) [amending this section, sections 55, 531, 541, 1445, and 7518 of this title, and section 53511 of Title 46, Shipping] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012. ‘‘(2) WITHHOLDING.—The amendments made by para- graphs (1)(C) and (3) of subsection (c) [amending section 1445 of this title] shall apply to amounts paid on or after January 1, 2013.’’ EFFECTIVE AND TERMINATION DATES OF 2010 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 111–148, title X, § 10909(c), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 1023, as amended by Pub. L. 111–312, title I, § 101(b)(1), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3298, provided that: ‘‘Each provision of law amended by this section [amending sections 23, 24, 25, 25A, 25B, 26, 30, 30B, 30D, 36C, 137, 904, 1016, 1400C, and 6211 of this title and sec- tion 1324 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and renum- bering section 23 of this title as section 36C of this title] is amended to read as such provision would read if this section had never been enacted. The amend- ments made by the preceding sentence shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2011.’’ Pub. L. 111–148, title X, § 10909(d), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 1024, as amended by Pub. L. 111–312, title I, § 101(b)(2), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3298, provided that: ‘‘Except as provided in subsection (c) [set out as a note above], the amendments made by this section [amend- ing sections 24, 25, 25A, 25B, 26, 30, 30B, 30D, 36C, 137, 904, 1016, 1400C, and 6211 of this title and section 1324 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and renumbering section 23 of this title as section 36C of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2009.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2007 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 110–28, title VIII, § 8241(c), May 25, 2007, 121 Stat. 199, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable Page 38 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [May 25, 2007].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2006 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 109–222, title V, § 510(d), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 364, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this sec- tion [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2005.’’ EFFECTIVE AND TERMINATION DATES OF 2004 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, § 413(d), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1510, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 170, 171, 245, 312, 443, 465, 508, 542, 543, 562, 563, 751, 864, 898, 904, 951, 954, 989, 1014, 1016, 1212, 1223, 1248, 1260, 1291, 1294, 4947, 4948, 6103, 6501, and 6679 of this title and repealing sections 551 to 558, 1246, 1247, and 6035 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders with or within which such taxable years of foreign corpora- tions end. ‘‘(2) SUBSECTION (C)(27).—The amendments made by subsection (c)(27) [amending section 6103 of this title] shall apply to disclosures of return or return informa- tion with respect to taxable years beginning after De- cember 31, 2004.’’ Pub. L. 108–311, title I, § 101(e), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1168, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 24 and 63 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2003.’’ Pub. L. 108–311, title I, § 105, Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1169, provided that: ‘‘Each amendment made by this title [amending this section and sections 24, 32, 55, and 63 of this title] shall be subject to title IX of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 [Pub. L. 107–16, § 901, which was repealed by Pub. L. 112–240, title I, § 101(a)(1), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2315, was for- merly set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2001 Amendment note below] to the same extent and in the same manner as the provision of such Act to which such amendment relates.’’ Pub. L. 108–311, title IV, § 402(b), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1186, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by sub- section (a) [amending this section and sections 691, 854, and 857 of this title and provisions set out as a note under this section] shall take effect as if included in section 302 of the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Rec- onciliation Act of 2003 [Pub. L. 108–27].’’ EFFECTIVE AND TERMINATION DATES OF 2003 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 108–27, title I, § 102(c), May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 754, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this sec- tion [amending this section and provisions set out as a note under this section] shall apply to taxable years be- ginning after December 31, 2002.’’ Pub. L. 108–27, title I, § 104(c), May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 755, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The amendments made by this sec- tion [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002. ‘‘(2) TABLES FOR 2003.—The Secretary of the Treasury shall modify each table which has been prescribed under section 1(f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 for taxable years beginning in 2003 and which relates to the amendment made by subsection (a) to reflect such amendment.’’ Pub. L. 108–27, title I, § 105(b), May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 755, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this sec- tion [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002.’’ Pub. L. 108–27, title I, § 107, May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 755, provided that: ‘‘Each amendment made by this title [enacting section 6429 of this title, amending this sec- tion and sections 24, 55, and 63 of this title, and amend- ing provisions set out as notes under this section] shall be subject to title IX of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 [Pub. L. 107–16, § 901, which was repealed by Pub. L. 112–240, title I, § 101(a)(1), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2315, was formerly set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2001 Amendment note below] to the same extent and in the same manner as the provision of such Act to which such amendment relates.’’ Pub. L. 108–27, title III, § 301(d), May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 760, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided by this subsection, the amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 55, 57, 1445, and 7518 of this title, and section 1177 of Title 46, Appendix, Ship- ping] shall apply to taxable years ending on or after May 6, 2003. ‘‘(2) WITHHOLDING.—The amendment made by sub- section (a)(2)(C) [amending section 1445 of this title] shall apply to amounts paid after the date of the enact- ment of this Act [May 28, 2003]. ‘‘(3) SMALL BUSINESS STOCK.—The amendments made by subsection (b)(3) [amending section 57 of this title] shall apply to dispositions on or after May 6, 2003.’’ Pub. L. 108–27, title III, § 302(f), May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 764, as amended by Pub. L. 108–311, title IV, § 402(a)(6), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1185, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 163, 301, 306, 338, 467, 531, 541, 584, 702, 854, 857, 1255, and 1257 of this title and repealing section 341 of this title] shall apply to taxable years be- ginning after December 31, 2002. ‘‘(2) PASS-THRU ENTITIES.—In the case of a pass-thru entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), or (F) of section 1(h)(10) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended by this Act, the amendments made by this section shall apply to taxable years ending after December 31, 2002; except that dividends received by such an entity on or before such date shall not be treat- ed as qualified dividend income (as defined in section 1(h)(11)(B) of such Code, as added by this Act).’’ Pub. L. 108–27, title III, § 303, May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 764, as amended by Pub. L. 109–222, title I, § 102, May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 346; Pub. L. 111–312, title I, § 102(a), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3298, which provided that all provi- sions of, and amendments made by, title III of Pub. L. 108–27 would not apply to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2012, and that the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 would be applied and administered to such years as if such provisions and amendments had never been en- acted, was repealed by Pub. L. 112–240, title I, § 102(a), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2318. EFFECTIVE AND TERMINATION DATES OF 2001 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 111–312, title II, § 201(c), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3299, provided that: ‘‘Title IX of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 [Pub. L. 107–16, § 901, formerly set out below] (relating to sunset of provisions of such Act) shall not apply to title VII of such Act [Pub. L. 107–16, § 701, amending section 55 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 55 of this title] (relating to alternative minimum tax).’’ Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 811, Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 996, provided that: ‘‘Title IX of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 [Pub. L. 107–16, § 901, formerly set out below] shall not apply to the provisions of, and amendments made by, subtitles A through F of title VI of such Act [subtitles A to F [§§ 601–666] of title VI of Pub. L. 107–16, enacting sec- tions 25B, 45E, 402A, and 4980F of this title, amending sections 24, 25, 25B, 26, 38, 39, 72, 132, 196, 219, 401, 402, 403, 404, 408, 408A, 409, 411, 412, 414 to 416, 457, 501, 505, 664, 861, 904, 1400C, 3401, 3405, 4972, 4973, 4975, 4979A, 6047, and 6051 of this title and sections 1003, 1053, 1054, 1082, 1104, and 1108 of Title 29, Labor, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 24, 38, 72, 132, 219, 401, 402, 403, 404, 408, 409, 411, 412, 414 to 416, 457, 861, 4972, 4975, Page 39 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 4980F, and 7801 of this title and section 1107 of Title 29, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 414 of this title and section 1107 of Title 29] (relating to pension and individual retirement arrangement provi- sions).’’ Pub. L. 109–280, title XIII, § 1304(a), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1109, provided that: ‘‘Section 901 of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 [Pub. L. 107–16, formerly set out below] (relating to sunset provisions) shall not apply to section 402 of such Act [amending sections 72, 135, 221, 529, 530, 4973, and 6693 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 72 of this title] (relating to modifications to qualified tuition programs).’’ Pub. L. 107–16, title I, § 101(d), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 44, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [enacting section 6428 of this title and amending this section and sections 15, 531, 541, 3402, and 3406 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2000. ‘‘(2) AMENDMENTS TO WITHHOLDING PROVISIONS.—The amendments made by paragraphs (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), and (11) of subsection (c) [amending sections 3402 and 3406 of this title] shall apply to amounts paid after the 60th day after the date of the enactment of this Act [June 7, 2001]. References to income brackets and rates of tax in such paragraphs shall be applied without re- gard to [former] section 1(i)(1)(D) of the Internal Rev- enue Code of 1986.’’ Pub. L. 107–16, title III, § 301(d), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 54, as amended by Pub. L. 108–27, title I, § 103(b), May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 754, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sec- tion 63 of this title] shall apply to taxable years begin- ning after December 31, 2002.’’ Pub. L. 107–16, title III, § 302(c), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 54, as amended by Pub. L. 108–27, title I, § 102(b)(2), May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 754, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002.’’ Pub. L. 107–16, title IX, § 901, June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 150, as amended by Pub. L. 107–358, § 2, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3015; Pub. L. 111–312, title I, § 101(a)(1), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3298, which provided that all provisions of, and amendments made by, Pub. L. 107–16 (except for section 803 thereof (26 U.S.C. note prec. 101)) would not apply to taxable, plan, or limitation years beginning after Dec. 31, 2012, or, in the case of title V of Pub. L. 107–16, to estates of decedents dying, gifts made, or gen- eration skipping transfers, after Dec. 31, 2012, and that the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.) would be applied and administered to such years, estates, gifts, and transfers as if such provisions and amendments had never been enacted, was repealed by Pub. L. 112–240, title I, § 101(a)(1), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2315. [Pub. L. 112–240, title I, § 101(a)(3), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2316, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this subsection [repealing section 901 of Pub. L. 107–16, formerly set out above, and provisions set out as an Ef- fective and Termination Dates of 2010 Amendment note under section 121 of this title] shall apply to taxable, plan, or limitation years beginning after December 31, 2012, and estates of decedents dying, gifts made, or gen- eration skipping transfers after December 31, 2012.’’] EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title I, § 117(c)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–605, provided that: ‘‘The amend- ments made by this section [amending this section and section 1202 of this title] shall apply to stock acquired after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2000].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, § 4002(k), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–908, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sec- tions 408A, 6015, 6103, 6159, 7421, 7443A, and 7491 of this title and amending provisions set out as a note under section 6601 of this title] shall take effect as if included in the provisions of the 1998 Act [Pub. L. 105–206] to which they relate.’’ Pub. L. 105–206, title V, § 5001(b), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 788, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 1223 and 1235 of this title] shall apply to taxable years ending after December 31, 1997. ‘‘(2) SUBSECTION (a)(5).—The amendments made by subsection (a)(5) [amending sections 1223 and 1235 of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 1998.’’ Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, § 6024, July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 826, provided that: ‘‘Except as otherwise provided in this title [see Tables for classification], the amend- ments made by this title shall take effect as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 [Pub. L. 105–34] to which they relate.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1997 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 105–34, title III, § 311(d), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 835, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 55, 57, 904, 1445, and 7518 of this title, and section 1177 of Title 46, Appendix, Shipping] shall apply to taxable years ending after May 6, 1997. ‘‘(2) WITHHOLDING.—The amendment made by sub- section (c)(1) [amending section 1445 of this title] shall apply only to amounts paid after the date of the enact- ment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1704(m)(4), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1883, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section and section 59 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1995.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1993 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13201(c), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 459, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 41, 63, 68, 132, 151, 453A, 513, 531, and 541 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1992.’’ Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13202(c), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 461, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 531 and 541 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1992.’’ Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13206(d)(3), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 467, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section and section 163 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1992.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11101(e), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–405, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 32, 41, 59, 63, 135, 151, 513, 691, 904, 6103, and 7518 of this title, and section 1177 of Title 46, Appendix, Shipping] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1990.’’ Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11103(e), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–407, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [enacting section 68 of this title and amending this section and section 56 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1990.’’ Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11104(c), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–408, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 151 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1990.’’ Page 40 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1989 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7817, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2423, provided that: ‘‘Except as otherwise provided in this part [part I (§§ 7811–7817) of subtitle H of title VII of Pub. L. 101–239, see Tables for classification], any amendment made by this part shall take effect as if in- cluded in the provision of the 1988 Act [Pub. L. 100–647] to which such amendment relates.’’ Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7831(g), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2427, provided that: ‘‘Any amendment made by this section [amending this section and sections 42, 406, 407, and 1250 of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 141 and 263A of this title] shall take ef- fect as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 [Pub. L. 99–514] to which such amendment relates.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1019, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3593, provided that: ‘‘(a) GENERAL RULE.—Except as otherwise provided in this title, any amendment made by this title [see Ta- bles for classification], shall take effect as if included in the provision of the Reform Act [Pub. L. 99–514] to which such amendment relates. ‘‘(b) WAIVER OF ESTIMATED TAX PENALTIES.—No addi- tion to tax shall be made under section 6654 or 6655 of the 1986 Code for any period before April 16, 1989 (March 16, 1989 in the case of a taxpayer subject to section 6655 of the 1986 Code) with respect to any underpayment to the extent such underpayment was created or increased by any provision of this title or title II [see Tables for classification].’’ Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6006(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3687, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to tax- able years beginning after December 31, 1988.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 99–514, title I, § 151, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2121, provided that: ‘‘(a) GENERAL RULE.—Except as otherwise provided in this section, the amendments made by this title [enact- ing section 67 of this title, amending this section, sec- tions 3, 5, 15, 21, 32, 62, 63, 74, 85, 86, 102, 108, 117, 129, 151, 152, 164, 170, 172, 183, 213, 265, 274, 280A, 402, 441, 443, 527, 541, 613A, 642, 667, 861, 862, 901, 904, 1398, 1441, 2032A, 3121, 3231, 3306, 3401, 3402, 3507, 4941, 4945, 6012 to 6014, 6212, 6504, 6511, and 7871 of this title, and section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, renumbering section 223 of this title as section 220 of this title, repealing sections 24, 221, 222, and 1301 to 1305 of this title, and en- acting provisions set out as a note under section 32 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986. ‘‘(b) UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION.—The amendment made by section 121 [amending section 85 of this title] shall apply to amounts received after December 31, 1986, in taxable years ending after such date. ‘‘(c) PRIZES AND AWARDS.—The amendments made by section 122 [amending sections 74, 102, 274, 3121, 3231, 3306, 3401, 4941, and 4945 of this title and section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] shall apply to prizes and awards granted after December 31, 1986. ‘‘(d) SCHOLARSHIPS.—The amendments made by sec- tion 123 [amending sections 74, 117, 1441, and 7871 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after De- cember 31, 1986, but only in the case of scholarships and fellowships granted after August 16, 1986. ‘‘(e) PARSONAGE AND MILITARY HOUSING ALLOW- ANCES.—The amendment made by section 144 [amending section 265 of this title] shall apply to taxable years be- ginning before, on, or after, December 31, 1986.’’ Pub. L. 99–514, title III, § 302(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2218, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this sec- tion [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986.’’ Pub. L. 99–514, title XIV, § 1411(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2716, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 6103 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 97–448, title I, § 109, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2391, provided that: ‘‘Except as otherwise provided in this title, any amendment made by this title [see Tables for classification] shall take effect as if it had been in- cluded in the provision of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 [Pub. L. 97–34, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 172] to which such amendment relates.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 97–34, title I, § 101(f)(1), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 185, as amended by Pub. L. 97–448, title I, § 101(a)(1), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2365, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by subsections (a), (c), and (d) [amending this sec- tion and sections 3, 21, 55, 541, and 1304 of this title and repealing section 1348 of this title] shall apply to tax- able years beginning after December 31, 1981; except that the amendment made by paragraph (3) of sub- section (d) [amending section 21 of this title] shall apply to taxable years ending after December 31, 1981.’’ Pub. L. 97–34, title I, § 104(e), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 190, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 63, 151, 6012, and 6013 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1984.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 95–600, title I, § 101(f)(1), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2770, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by sub- sections (a), (b), (c), and (d) [amending sections 63, 402, 1302, and 6012 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1978.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1977 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 95–30, title I, § 106(a), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 141, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by sections 101, 102, and 104 [amending this section and sections 3, 21, 42, 57, 63, 143, 161, 172, 211, 402, 441, 443, 511, 584, 613A, 641, 642, 667, 703, 861, 862, 873, 904, 911, 931, 1034, 1211, 1302, 6012, 6014, 6212, 6504, and 6654 of this title and repealing sections 36, 141, 142, 144, and 145 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1976.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1969 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 91–172, title VIII, § 803(f), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 685, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by subsections (a) [amending this section], (b) [amending section 2 of this title], and (d) (other than paragraphs (1) and (8)) [amending sections 5, 511, 632, 641, 1347, and 6015 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1970, except that section 2(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] [section 2(c) of this title], as amended by subsection (b), shall also apply to taxable years beginning after De- cember 31, 1969. The amendments made by subsections (c) [amending section 3 of this title], (d)(1) [amending section 6014 of this title], and (d)(8) [amending section 1304 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969’’. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1966 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 89–809, title I, § 103(n), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1555, provided that: ‘‘(1) The amendments made by this section (other than the amendments made by subsections (h), (i), and (k)) [enacting section 877 of this title, amending this section and sections 116, 154, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 932, 6015, and 7701 of this title, renumbering section 877 as 878, and repealing section 1493 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966. ‘‘(2) The amendments made by subsection (h) [amending section 1441 of this title] shall apply with Page 41 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 respect to payments made in taxable years of recipi- ents beginning after December 31, 1966. ‘‘(3) The amendments made by subsection (i) [amending section 1461 of this title] shall apply with respect to payments occurring after December 31, 1966. ‘‘(4) The amendments made by subsection (k) [amending section 3401 of this title] shall apply with respect to remuneration paid after December 31, 1966.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1964 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 88–272, title I, § 131, Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 30, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: ‘‘Except for purposes of section 21 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (relating to effect of changes in rates during a tax- able year), the amendments made by parts I and II of this title [amending this section and sections 2, 11, 37, 141, 144, 242, 821, 871, 963, 6016, 6074, 6154, 6212, 6504, and 6655 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1963.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2024 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 118–168, § 1, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2586, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4980H, 6055, 6056, and 6501 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4980H, 6055, and 6501 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Employer Reporting Im- provement Act’.’’ Pub. L. 118–167, § 1, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2584, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 6055 and 6056 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 6055 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Pa- perwork Burden Reduction Act’.’’ Pub. L. 118–146, § 1, Dec. 12, 2024, 138 Stat. 1673, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 170 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 170 of this title] may be cited as the ‘VSO Equal Tax Treatment Act’ or as the ‘VETT Act’.’’ Pub. L. 118–60, § 1, May 10, 2024, 138 Stat. 1018, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 9502 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2024, Part II’.’’ Pub. L. 118–41, § 1, Mar. 8, 2024, 138 Stat. 20, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4043, 4081, 4083, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title, section 124n of Title 6, Do- mestic Security, sections 106, 41742, 41743, 44310, 44803, 44807, 44810, 47104, 47107, 47114, 47115, 47141, 47143, 48101 to 48103, and 48105 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 50905 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Pro- grams, and amending provisions set out as a note pre- ceding section 42301 of Title 49 and provisions set out as notes under sections 40103, 41705, 41731, 42302, 44810, 47102, 47104, and 47141 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2024’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2023 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 118–34, § 1(a), Dec. 26, 2023, 137 Stat. 1112, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4043, 4081, 4083, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title, sections 106, 41742, 41743, 44310, 44803, 44807, 44810, 47104, 47107, 47114, 47115, 47141, 47143, 48101 to 48103, and 48105 of Title 49, Trans- portation, and section 50905 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, and amending provisions set out as a note preceding section 42301 of Title 49 and provisions set out as notes under sections 40103, 41705, 41731, 42302, 44810, 47102, 47104, and 47141 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2023, Part II’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2022 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 117–328, div. T, § 1(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5275, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2020 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 116–260, div. N, title II, § 271(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1964, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle B (§§ 271–288) of title II of div. N of Pub. L. 116–260, see Ta- bles for classification] may be cited as the ‘COVID-re- lated Tax Relief Act of 2020’.’’ Pub. L. 116–260, div. EE, § 1(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3038, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2019 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 116–94, div. O, § 1(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3137, provided that: ‘‘This Act [div. O of Pub. L. 116–94, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Set- ting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhance- ment Act of 2019’.’’ Pub. L. 116–94, div. P, title XIII, § 1301, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3204, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sec- tion 4975 of this title and section 1108 of Title 29, Labor, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 4975 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Temporary Relief from Certain ERISA Requirements Act of 2020’.’’ Pub. L. 116–94, div. Q, § 1(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3226, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2019’.’’ Pub. L. 116–25, § 1(a), July 1, 2019, 133 Stat. 981, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Taxpayer First Act’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2018 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 115–250, § 1, Sept. 29, 2018, 132 Stat. 3164, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 9502 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Exten- sion Act of 2018, Part II’.’’ Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, § 1, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1046, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sec- tions 4081, 4083, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sec- tions 106, 41742, 41743, 44506, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47124, 47141, and 48101 to 48103 of Title 49, Transportation, and amending provisions set out as a note preceding section 42301 of Title 49 and provisions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47141 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2018’.’’ Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, § 1(a), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1159, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Technical Correc- tions Act of 2018’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2017 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 115–63, § 1(a), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1168, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4083, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title, sections 254c–3, 256h, 256i, and 1395iii of Title 42, The Public Health and Wel- fare, and sections 106, 41742, 41743, 47104, 47107, 47114, 47115, 47124, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 48114 of Title 49, Transportation, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 1395l of Title 42, provisions set out as a note preceding section 42301 of Title 49, and provi- sions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47141 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Disaster Tax Relief and Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2017’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2016 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 114–239, § 1, Oct. 7, 2016, 130 Stat. 973, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 74 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 74 of this title] may be cited as the ‘United States Appre- ciation for Olympians and Paralympians Act of 2016’.’’ Pub. L. 114–184, § 1, June 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 536, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 6103 and 7213 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 6103 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Re- covering Missing Children Act’.’’ Pub. L. 114–141, § 1(a), Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 322, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4083, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 106, 41742, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47124, 47141, and 48101 to 48103 of Title 49, Transportation, and amending provisions set out as a note preceding section 42301 of Title 49 and provisions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47141 of Title Page 42 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2016’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2015 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, § 1(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3040, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015’.’’ Pub. L. 114–74, § 1(a), Nov. 2, 2015, 129 Stat. 584, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015’.’’ Pub. L. 114–55, § 1(a), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 522, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4083, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title, sections 106, 41742, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47124, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 48114 of Title 49, Transportation, and section 50905 of Title 51, Na- tional and Commercial Space Programs, and amending provisions set out as a note preceding section 42301 of Title 49 and provisions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47141 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2015’.’’ Pub. L. 114–26, § 1, June 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 319, provided that: ‘‘This Act [probably means sections 1 to 3 of Pub. L. 114–26, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Defending Public Safety Employees’ Retirement Act’.’’ Pub. L. 114–14, § 1, May 22, 2015, 129 Stat. 198, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 104 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Don’t Tax Our Fallen Public Safety He- roes Act’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2014 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, § 1(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4010, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Increase Preven- tion Act of 2014’.’’ Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, § 201, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4024, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Technical Cor- rections Act of 2014’.’’ Pub. L. 113–295, div. B, § 1(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4056, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Stephen Beck, Jr., Achieving a Better Life Experience Act of 2014’ or the ‘Stephen Beck, Jr., ABLE Act of 2014’.’’ Pub. L. 113–168, § 1, Sept. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 1883, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 139E of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 139E of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tribal General Wel- fare Exclusion Act of 2014’.’’ Pub. L. 113–94, § 1, Apr. 3, 2014, 128 Stat. 1085, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 9006, 9008, 9009, 9012, and 9037 of this title and sections 282 and 282a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provi- sions set out as a note under section 282a of Title 42] may be cited as the ‘Gabriella Miller Kids First Re- search Act’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2013 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 112–240, § 1(a), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2313, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2012 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 112–141, div. D, § 40001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 844, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for classi- fication] may be cited as the ‘Highway Investment, Job Creation, and Economic Growth Act of 2012’.’’ Pub. L. 112–96, § 1(a), Feb. 22, 2012, 126 Stat. 156, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012’.’’ Pub. L. 112–96, title II, § 2001, Feb. 22, 2012, 126 Stat. 159, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 505 and 1111 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 3304 and 3306 of this title, section 503 of Title 42, and section 352 of Title 45, Railroads, enact- ing provisions set out as notes under this section, sec- tions 3304 and 3306 of this title, and sections 503 and 1111 of Title 42, amending provisions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 3304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Extended Benefits, Reemployment, and Program Integrity Improvement Act’.’’ Pub. L. 112–96, title II, § 2121, Feb. 22, 2012, 126 Stat. 163, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle B (§§ 2121–2124) of title II of Pub. L. 112–96, amending sec- tion 352 of Title 45, Railroads, and enacting and amend- ing provisions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Unemployment Benefits Ex- tension Act of 2012’.’’ Pub. L. 112–96, title II, § 2160, Feb. 22, 2012, 126 Stat. 171, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle D (§§ 2160–2166) of title II of Pub. L. 112–96, amending sec- tions 3304 and 3306 of this title and section 503 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 3304 and 3306 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 3304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Layoff Prevention Act of 2012’.’’ Pub. L. 112–91, § 1, Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 3, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 106, 40117, 41742, 41743, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2012’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2011 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 112–78, § 1(a), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1280, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 4547 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, amending section 645 of Title 2, The Congress, section 1709 of Title 12, sections 1395l, 1395m, 1395w–4, 1396a, 1396r–6, and 1396u–3 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 352 of Title 45, Railroads, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1401 and 3304 of this title, section 1709 of Title 12, and section 1395ww of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 1401 and 3304 of this title and sections 1395m, 1395w–4, and 1395ww of Title 42] may be cited as the ‘Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011’.’’ Pub. L. 112–56, title I, § 101, Nov. 21, 2011, 125 Stat. 712, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending section 3402 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3402 of this title] may be cited as the ‘3% With- holding Repeal and Job Creation Act’.’’ Pub. L. 112–30, title II, § 201, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 357, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271 and 9502 of this title and sections 106, 40117, 41742, 41743, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 41731 and 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2011, Part V’.’’ Pub. L. 112–27, § 1, Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 270, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271 and 9502 of this title and sections 40117, 41731, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and section 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2011, Part IV’.’’ Pub. L. 112–21, § 1, June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 233, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271 and 9502 of this title and sections 40117, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transpor- tation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sec- tions 4081 and 9502 of this title and section 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under sec- tion 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2011, Part III’.’’ Pub. L. 112–16, § 1, May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 218, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and Page 43 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 9502 of this title and sections 40117, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transpor- tation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sec- tions 4081 and 9502 of this title and section 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under sec- tion 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2011, Part II’.’’ Pub. L. 112–9, § 1, Apr. 14, 2011, 125 Stat. 36, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 36B and 6041 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sec- tions 36B and 6041 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Comprehensive 1099 Taxpayer Protection and Repay- ment of Exchange Subsidy Overpayments Act of 2011’.’’ Pub. L. 112–7, § 1, Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 31, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271 and 9502 of this title and sections 40117, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transpor- tation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sec- tions 4081 and 9502 of this title and section 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under sec- tion 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2011’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2010 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 111–329, § 1, Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3566, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 40117, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and section 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2010, Part IV’.’’ Pub. L. 111–325, § 1(a), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3537, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 267, 302, 316, 562, 851, 852, 853, 853A, 854, 855, 860, 871, 1212, and 4982 of this title, repealing section 6697 of this title, and enact- ing provisions set out as notes under sections 267, 316, 562, 851, 852, 854, 855, 860, 1212, and 4982 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Regulated Investment Company Mod- ernization Act of 2010’.’’ Pub. L. 111–312, § 1(a), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3296, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Relief, Unemployment Insur- ance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010’.’’ Pub. L. 111–249, § 1, Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2627, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 1135, 40117, 41743, 44302, 44303, 44703, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and sections 1135 and 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 41731, 44701, and 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2010, Part III’.’’ Pub. L. 111–240, title II, § 2001, Sept. 27, 2010, 124 Stat. 2553, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections 38 to 40, 55, 72, 162, 168, 179, 195, 280F, 402A, 460, 861, 862, 864, 1202, 1374, 1400L, 1400N, 6041, 6330, 6707A, 6721, and 6722 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 38 to 40, 72, 162, 168, 179, 195, 280F, 402A, 460, 861, 1202, 1374, 6041, 6330, 6655, 6662A, 6707A, and 6721 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Creating Small Busi- ness Jobs Act of 2010’.’’ Pub. L. 111–237, § 1, Aug. 16, 2010, 124 Stat. 2497, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 6201, 6213, 6302, and 6501 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 6201, 6302, and 6655 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Firearms Excise Tax Im- provement Act of 2010’.’’ Pub. L. 111–226, § 1, Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2389, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 909 of this title, amending sections 32, 304, 861, 864, 871, 901, 904, 960, 2104, 6012, 6051, 6302, and 6501 of this title and section 1396r–8 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing section 3507 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 32, 304, 861, 864, 901, 904, 909, 960, and 6501 of this title and section 1396r–8 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 1396d of Title 42] may be cited as the ‘llllAct ofllll’. [sic]’’ Pub. L. 111–205, § 1, July 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 2236, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting and amending provi- sions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Unemployment Compensation Ex- tension Act of 2010’.’’ Pub. L. 111–198, § 1, July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1356, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 36, 6103, and 6657 of this title, section 1187 of Title 8, Aliens and Na- tionality, and section 2131 of Title 22, Foreign Rela- tions and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 36, 6103, and 6657 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Homebuyer Assistance and Im- provement Act of 2010’.’’ Pub. L. 111–197, § 1, July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1353, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 106, 40117, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and sec- tion 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2010, Part II’.’’ Pub. L. 111–161, § 1, Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1126, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 106, 40117, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and sec- tion 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2010’.’’ Pub. L. 111–159, § 1, Apr. 26, 2010, 124 Stat. 1123, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 5000A of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 5000A of this title] may be cited as the ‘TRICARE Affirmation Act’.’’ Pub. L. 111–157, § 1, Apr. 15, 2010, 124 Stat. 1116, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 119 of Title 17, Copyrights, sections 1395w–4 and 1396b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 325 of Title 47, Telecommunications, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 3304 and 6432 of this title and sec- tion 1395w–4 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 3304 and 6432 of this title and section 119 of Title 17] may be cited as the ‘Con- tinuing Extension Act of 2010’.’’ Pub. L. 111–153, § 1, Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1084, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 106, 40117, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and sec- tion 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act of 2010’.’’ Pub. L. 111–147, § 1(a), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 71, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting chapter 4 and section 6038D of this title, amending sections 51, 54F, 149, 163, 165, 179, 643, 679, 864, 871, 881, 1287, 1291, 1298, 3111, 3221, 4701, 6011, 6048, 6229, 6414, 6431, 6501, 6513, 6611, 6662, 6677, 6724, and 9502 to 9504 of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sections 405 and 410 of Title 23, High- ways, section 3121 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 5305, 5307, 5309, 5311, 5337, 5338, 31104, and 31144 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 38, 51, 54F, 149, 179, 643, 679, 864, 871, 1291, 6011, 6038D, 6048, 6229, 6431, 6655, 6662, 6677, 9502, and 9503 of this title and section 101 of Title 23, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 901 of Title 2, The Congress, sections 402, 403, and 405 of Title 23, and sections 5309, 5310, 5338, 14710, 31100, 31301, and 31309 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Hiring Incen- tives to Restore Employment Act’.’’ Pub. L. 111–144, § 1, Mar. 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 42, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 35, 139C, 6432, and 6720C of this title, section 119 of Title 17, Copyrights, sections 1395l and 1395w–4 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 325 of Title 47, Telecommuni- Page 44 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 cations, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 6432 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 3304 and 6432 of this title and section 119 of Title 17] may be cited as the ‘Tem- porary Extension Act of 2010’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2009 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 111–116, § 1, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3031, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 106, 40117, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and sec- tion 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Fiscal Year 2010 Federal Aviation Administra- tion Extension Act, Part II’.’’ Pub. L. 111–92, § 1, Nov. 6, 2009, 123 Stat. 2984, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 36, 56, 132, 172, 810, 864, 1400C, 3301, 6011, 6213, 6698, and 6699 of this title, sec- tion 1103 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 352 of Title 45, Railroads, enacting provi- sions set out as notes under sections 36, 56, 132, 172, 864, 3301, 3304, 6011, 6213, 6655, and 6698 of this title and sec- tion 1103 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 3304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Worker, Homeownership, and Business Assistance Act of 2009’.’’ Pub. L. 111–69, § 1, Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2054, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 106, 40117, 41743, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and sec- tion 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Fiscal Year 2010 Federal Aviation Ad- ministration Extension Act’.’’ Pub. L. 111–42, title II, § 201, July 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 1964, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 6655 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Corporate Estimated Tax Shift Act of 2009’.’’ Pub. L. 111–12, § 1, Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1457, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 106, 40117, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and sec- tion 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act of 2009’.’’ Pub. L. 111–5, § 1, Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 115, provided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009’.’’ Pub. L. 111–5, div. B, title I, § 1000(a), Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 306, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘American Recovery and Reinvestment Tax Act of 2009’.’’ Pub. L. 111–5, div. B, title I, § 1899, Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 423, provided that: ‘‘This part [part VI (§§ 1899–1899L) of subtitle I of title I of div. B of Pub. L. 111–5, amending sections 35, 4980B, 7527, and 9801 of this title, sections 1162, 1181, 2918, and 2919 of Title 29, Labor, and sections 300bb–2 and 300gg of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 35, 4980B, 7527, and 9801 of this title] may be cited as the ‘TAA Health Coverage Improvement Act of 2009’.’’ Pub. L. 111–5, div. B, title II, § 2000(a), Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 436, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections 603, 604, 607, 1103, 1308, and 1322 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 352 of Title 45, Rail- roads, enacting provisions set out as notes under sec- tions 3304 and 6428 of this title and sections 603, 607, 655, 1103, and 1308 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Assistance for Unemployed Workers and Struggling Families Act’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2008 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 110–449, § 1, Nov. 21, 2008, 122 Stat. 5014, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting and amending provi- sions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Unemployment Compensation Ex- tension Act of 2008’.’’ Pub. L. 110–428, § 1, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4839, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 6103 and 7803 of this title and section 376 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 6103 and 7207 of this title and sec- tion 376 of Title 28] may be cited as the ‘Inmate Tax Fraud Prevention Act of 2008’.’’ Pub. L. 110–343, div. B, § 1(a), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3807, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008’.’’ Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, § 1(a), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3861, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Extenders and Al- ternative Minimum Tax Relief Act of 2008’.’’ Pub. L. 110–343, div. C, title VII, § 701, Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3912, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle A (§§ 701–704) of title VII of div. C of Pub. L. 110–343, amending section 6033 of this title and enacting provi- sions set out as a note under section 6033 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Heartland Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2008’.’’ Pub. L. 110–330, § 1, Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3717, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 106, 40117, 41743, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and section 40117 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Federal Aviation Administra- tion Extension Act of 2008, Part II’.’’ Pub. L. 110–289, div. C, § 3000(a), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2877, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Housing Assistance Tax Act of 2008’.’’ Pub. L. 110–253, § 1, June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2417, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 40117, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47115, 47141, and 48103 of Title 49, Transpor- tation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sec- tions 4081 and 9502 of this title and section 47104 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as a note under sec- tion 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Federal Avia- tion Administration Extension Act of 2008’.’’ Pub. L. 110–245, § 1(a), June 17, 2008, 122 Stat. 1624, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting chapter 15 and sections 45P and 877A of this title, amending sections 32, 38, 72, 121, 125, 134, 143, 219, 280C, 401, 403, 404, 408A, 414, 457, 530, 877, 3121, 3306, 3401, 6039G, 6103, 6428, 6511, 6651, 7701, and 9812 of this title, section 1185a of Title 29, Labor, and sections 300gg–5, 409, 410, 1382a, and 1382b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 32, 38, 72, 121, 125, 134, 143, 219, 401, 408A, 414, 3121, 3401, 6103, 6428, 6511, and 6651 of this title and section 1382a of Title 42] may be cited as the ‘Heroes Earnings Assistance and Relief Tax Act of 2008’.’’ Pub. L. 110–234, title XV, § 15001(a), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1484, and Pub. L. 110–246, § 4(a), title XV, § 15001(a), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 2246, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Heartland, Habitat, Harvest, and Horticulture Act of 2008’.’’ [Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 enacted identical provisions. Pub. L. 110–234 was repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.] Pub. L. 110–190, § 1, Feb. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 643, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and sections 47104 and 48103 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4081 and 9502 of this title and section Page 45 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 41731 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2008’.’’ Pub. L. 110–185, § 1(a), Feb. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 613, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending this section, sections 168, 179, 1400L, 1400N, 6211, 6213, and 6428 of this title, and section 1324 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and en- acting provisions set out as notes under sections 168, 179, and 6428 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Eco- nomic Stimulus Act of 2008’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2007 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 110–172, § 1(a), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2473, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Technical Corrections Act of 2007’.’’ Pub. L. 110–166, § 1, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2461, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 26 and 55 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 26 and 55 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2007’.’’ Pub. L. 110–142, § 1, Dec. 20, 2007, 121 Stat. 1803, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 139B and 6699 of this title, amending sections 42, 108, 121, 163, 216, 6103, and 6698 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 42, 108, 121, 139B, 163, 216, 6103, 6655, 6698, and 6699 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Mort- gage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007’.’’ Pub. L. 110–28, title VIII, § 8201(a), May 25, 2007, 121 Stat. 190, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle B (§§ 8201–8248) of title VIII of Pub. L. 110–28, enacting sec- tion 6676 of this title, amending this section, sections 38, 45B, 51, 179, 641, 761, 1361, 1362, 1368, 1400N, 1402, 6060, 6103, 6107, 6l09, 6330, 6404, 6503, 6657, 6694 to 6696, 7407, 7427, 7528, and 7701 of this title, and section 411 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 38, 45B, 51, 179, 641, 761, 1361, 1362, 6060, 6330, 6404, 6657, and 6676 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 6655 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Small Business and Work Opportunity Tax Act of 2007’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2006 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 109–432, § 1(a), Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 2922, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006’.’’ Pub. L. 109–432, div. A, title III, § 301, Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 2948, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sec- tions 106, 223, 408, and 4980G of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 106, 223, and 4980G of this title] may be cited as the ‘Health Oppor- tunity Patient Empowerment Act of 2006’.’’ Pub. L. 109–227, § 1, May 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 385, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 219 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 219 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Heroes Earned Retire- ment Opportunities Act’.’’ Pub. L. 109–222, § 1(a), May 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 345, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 4965 of this title, amending this section and sections 26, 54, 55, 142 to 144, 148, 149, 163, 167, 170, 179, 199, 355, 408A, 468B, 852, 871, 897, 911, 953, 954, 1221, 1355, 1445, 3402, 6011, 6033, 6049, 6159, 6652, 7122, and 7872 of this title, enacting provi- sions set out as notes under this section and sections 26, 54 to 56, 142, 143, 163, 167, 170, 199, 355, 408A, 468B, 852, 897, 911, 954, 1355, 3402, 4965, 6049, 6159, and 6655 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 56 and 114 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Increase Prevention and Reconcili- ation Act of 2005’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2005 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 109–135, § 1(a), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2577, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005’.’’ Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, § 401, Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2610, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle A (§§ 401–413) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–135, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Technical Cor- rections Act of 2005’.’’ Pub. L. 109–73, § 1(a), Sept. 23, 2005, 119 Stat. 2016, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 170 and 7508 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 170 and 7508 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Katrina Emergency Tax Relief Act of 2005’.’’ Pub. L. 109–58, title XIII, § 1300(a), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 986, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Energy Tax Incentives Act of 2005’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2004 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 108–357, § 1(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1418, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘American Jobs Creation Act of 2004’.’’ Pub. L. 108–311, § 1(a), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1166, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2003 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 108–121, § 1(a), Nov. 11, 2003, 117 Stat. 1335, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 5, 62, 101, 121, 132, 134, 162, 501, 530, 692, 2201, 3121, 3306, 3401, 6013, and 7508 of this title, section 1478 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and section 58c of Title 19, Customs Duties, and enact- ing provisions set out as notes under sections 5, 62, 101, 121, 132, 134, 501, 530, 2201, and 7508 of this title and sec- tion 1478 of Title 10] may be cited as the ‘Military Fam- ily Tax Relief Act of 2003’.’’ Pub. L. 108–27, § 1(a), May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 752, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 6429 of this title and section 801 of Title 42, The Public Health and Wel- fare, amending this section, sections 24, 55, 57, 63, 163, 168, 179, 301, 306, 338, 467, 531, 541, 584, 702, 854, 857, 1255, 1257, 1400L, 1445, and 7518 of this title, and section 1177 of Title 46, Appendix, Shipping, repealing section 341 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 24, 55, 63, 168, and 179 of this title, and section 1396d of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the ‘Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003’.’’ Pub. L. 108–26, § 1, May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 751, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Unemployment Compensation Amend- ments of 2003’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2002 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107–358, § 1, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3015, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Holo- caust Restitution Tax Fairness Act of 2002’.’’ Pub. L. 107–181, § 1, May 20, 2002, 116 Stat. 583, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 107 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 107 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Clergy Housing Al- lowance Clarification Act of 2002’.’’ Pub. L. 107–147, § 1(a), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 21, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Job Creation and Worker Assist- ance Act of 2002’.’’ Pub. L. 107–134, § 1(a), Jan. 23, 2002, 115 Stat. 2427, pro- vided that: This Act [enacting sections 139 and 5891 of this title and section 1148 of Title 29, Labor, amending sections 5, 101, 104, 140, 642, 692, 2011, 2053, 2201, 6013, 6081, 6103, 6105, 6161, 6404, 7213, 7508, and 7508A of this title and section 1302 of Title 29, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 101, 108, 139, 501, 642, 692, 2011, 5891, 6081, and 6103 of this title, section 401 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 40101 of Title 49, Transportation, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 40101 of Title 49] may be Page 46 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 cited as the ‘Victims of Terrorism Tax Relief Act of 2001’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107–16, § 1(a), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 38, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001’.’’ Pub. L. 107–15, § 1, June 5, 2001, 115 Stat. 37, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending provisions set out as a note under section 101 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Fallen Hero Survivor Benefit Fairness Act of 2001’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 2000 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 106–573, § 1, Dec. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 3061, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 453 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 453 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Installment Tax Correction Act of 2000’.’’ Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [§ 1(a)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–587, provided that: ‘‘This Act [H.R. 5662, as enacted by section 1(a)(7) of Pub. L. 106–554, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Community Re- newal Tax Relief Act of 2000’.’’ Pub. L. 106–519, § 1(a), Nov. 15, 2000, 114 Stat. 2423, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 114 and 941 to 943 of this title, amending sections 56, 275, 864, 903 and 999 of this title, and repealing sections 921 to 927 of this title] may be cited as the ‘FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000’.’’ Pub. L. 106–476, title IV, § 4001, Nov. 9, 2000, 114 Stat. 2176, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 1681 to 1681b of Title 19, Customs Duties, amending sections 5704, 5754, and 5761 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 5704 and 5761 of this title and section 1681 of Title 19] may be cited as the ‘Im- ported Cigarette Compliance Act of 2000’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1999 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 106–170, title V, § 500, Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1918, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for classi- fication] may be cited as the ‘Tax Relief Extension Act of 1999’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, § 1000(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–886, provided that: ‘‘This division [§§ 1000–5301, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax and Trade Relief Extension Act of 1998’.’’ Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title XV, § 1501, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–741, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections 4132 and 9510 of this title and section 300aa–11 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enact- ing provisions set out as notes under sections 4132 and 9510 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Modification Act’.’’ Pub. L. 105–206, § 1(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 685, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Internal Revenue Service Restruc- turing and Reform Act of 1998’.’’ Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3000, July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 726, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for classifica- tion] may be cited as the ‘Taxpayer Bill of Rights 3’.’’ Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, § 6001(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 790, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for clas- sification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Technical Correc- tions Act of 1998’.’’ Pub. L. 105–178, title IX, § 9001(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 499, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections 40, 132, 4041, 4051, 4071, 4081, 4091, 4221, 4481 to 4483, 6156, 6412, 6421, 6427, 9503, and 9504 of this title and section 460l–11 of Title 16, Conservation, repealing section 9511 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 40, 132, 172, 4041, 6421, and 9503 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 172 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transpor- tation Revenue Act of 1998’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1997 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 105–35, § 1, Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1104, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 7213A of this title, amending sections 7213 and 7431 of this title, and enact- ing provisions set out as notes under sections 7213 and 7431 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Taxpayer Brows- ing Protection Act’.’’ Pub. L. 105–34, § 1(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 788, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997’.’’ Pub. L. 105–2, § 1(a), Feb. 28, 1997, 111 Stat. 4, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4041, 4081, 4091, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4041, 4081, and 4261 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Trust Fund Tax Reinstatement Act of 1997’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 104–188, § 1(a), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1755, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996’.’’ Pub. L. 104–168, § 1(a), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1452, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 4958, 7434, 7435, and 7524 of this title, amending sections 501, 4955, 4963, 6013, 6033, 6041 to 6042, 6044, 6045, 6049, 6050B, 6050H to 6050K, 6050N, 6103, 6104, 6159, 6201, 6213, 6323, 6334, 6343, 6404, 6503, 6601, 6651, 6652, 6656, 6672, 6685, 7122, 7213, 7422, 7430, 7433, 7454, 7502, 7608, 7609, 7623, 7802, 7805, and 7811 of this title, renumbering sections 7434 and 7435 as sec- tions 7435 and 7436 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 501, 4955, 6013, 6033, 6041, 6103, 6104, 6159, 6201, 6311, 6323, 6334, 6404, 6503, 6601, 6651, 6652, 6656, 6672, 7122, 7430, 7433 to 7435, 7524, 7608, 7609, 7623, 7802, 7803, 7805, and 7811 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 7608 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 103–465, title VII, § 750, Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 5012, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle F (§§ 750–781) of title VII of Pub. L. 103–465, enacting sec- tions 1310, 1311, and 1350 of Title 29, Labor, amending sections 401, 404, 411, 412, 415, 417, 4971, and 4972 of this title and sections 1053 to 1056, 1082, 1132, 1301, 1303, 1305, 1306, 1322, 1341, 1342, and 1343 of Title 29, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 401, 411, 412, and 4972 of this title and sections 1056, 1082, 1303, 1306, 1310, 1311, 1322, 1341, and 1342 of Title 29] may be cited as the ‘Retirement Protection Act of 1994’.’’ Pub. L. 103–387, § 1, Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4071, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 3510 of this title, amending sections 3102 and 3121 of this title, sec- tion 3701 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 401, 402, 404, 409, 410, and 1383 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 3102 and 3510 of this title, section 3701 of Title 31, and sections 401, 402, and 1383 of Title 42] may be cited as the ‘Social Security Domestic Em- ployment Reform Act of 1994’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1993 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 103–152, § 1, Nov. 24, 1993, 107 Stat. 1516, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 503, 504, 1105, 1108, and 1382j of Title 42, The Public Health and Wel- fare, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title and sections 503 and 1382j of Title 42, amending provisions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title and section 352 of Title 45, Railroads, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 3304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Unemployment Com- pensation Amendments of 1993’.’’ Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13001(a), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 416, provided that: ‘‘This chapter [chapter 1 (§§ 13001–13444) of title XIII of Pub. L. 103–66, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Revenue Rec- onciliation Act of 1993’.’’ Pub. L. 103–6, § 1, Mar. 4, 1993, 107 Stat. 33, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting provisions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title, section 31 of Title 2, The Congress, and section 352 of Title 45, Railroads, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 3304 Page 47 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 of this title and section 352 of Title 45] may be cited as the ‘Emergency Unemployment Compensation Amend- ments of 1993’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1992 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 102–486, title XIX, § 19141, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3036, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle C (§§ 19141–19143) of title XIX of Pub. L. 102–486, enacting sections 9701 to 9722 of this title, amending sections 1231 and 1232 of Title 30, Mineral Lands and Mining, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 9701 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act of 1992’.’’ Pub. L. 102–318, § 1, July 3, 1992, 106 Stat. 290, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 1110 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 55, 62, 72, 151, 219, 401 to 404, 406 to 408, 411, 414, 415, 457, 691, 871, 877, 1441, 3121, 3304, 3306, 3402, 3405, 4973, 4980A, 6047, 6652, 6655, and 7701 of this title, section 8509 of Title 5, Gov- ernment Organization and Employees, section 2291 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and sections 502, 503, 1101, 1102, 1104, and 1105 of Title 42, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 401, 402, 3302, 3304, and 6655 of this title, section 8509 of Title 5, section 2291 of Title 19, and sections 502, 666, 1102, and 1108 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title, sections 502 and 666 of Title 42, and section 352 of Title 45, Railroads] may be cited as the ‘Unem- ployment Compensation Amendments of 1992’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1991 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 102–240, title VIII, § 8001(a), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2203, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting section 9511 of this title, amending sections 4041, 4051, 4071, 4081, 4091, 4221, 4481, 4482, 4483, 6156, 6412, 6420, 6421, 6427, 9503, and 9504 of this title and section 460l–11 of Title 16, Con- servation, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 9503 of this title, section 101 of Title 23, Highways, and section 1601 of former Title 49, Transpor- tation] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Revenue Act of 1991’.’’ Pub. L. 102–227, § 1(a), Dec. 11, 1991, 105 Stat. 1686, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 25, 28, 41, 42, 48, 51, 57, 120, 127, 143, 144, 162, 864, and 6655 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 25, 28, 42, 51, 120, 127, 143, 144, 162, 864, and 6655 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Extension Act of 1991’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11001(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–400, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Revenue Reconcili- ation Act of 1990’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1989 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7001(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2301, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Revenue Reconcili- ation Act of 1989’.’’ Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7701, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2388, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle G (§§ 7701–7743) of title VII of Pub. L. 101–239, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Improved Pen- alty Administration and Compliance Tax Act’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 100–647, § 1(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3342, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Technical and Miscellaneous Rev- enue Act of 1988’.’’ Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6226, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3730, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle J (§§ 6226–6247) of title VI of Pub. L. 100–647, enacting sec- tions 6159, 6326, 6712, 7430, 7432, 7433, 7520, 7521, and 7811 of this title, amending sections 6213, 6214, 6331, 6332, 6334, 6335, 6343, 6404, 6512, 6601, 6673, 6863, 7216, 7429, 7481, 7482, 7802, and 7805 of this title and section 504 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, renum- bering section 6326 as 6327, 7432 as 7433, and 7433 as 7434 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 6159, 6213, 6214, 6326, 6331, 6404, 6512, 6673, 6712, 6863, 7429, 7430, 7432, 7520, 7521, 7605, 7801 to 7803, 7805, and 7811 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Omnibus Taxpayer Bill of Rights’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1987 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 100–223, title IV, § 401, Dec. 30, 1987, 101 Stat. 1532, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting section 4283 of this title, amending sections 4041, 4261, 4271, 6427, and 9502 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4041 and 4261 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Airport and Airway Revenue Act of 1987’.’’ Pub. L. 100–203, title IX, § 9302(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–333, provided that: ‘‘This part [part II (§§ 9302–9346) of subtitle D of part II of Pub. L. 100–203, enacting sections 1085b and 1371 of Title 29, Labor, amending sections 401, 404, 411, 412, 414, and 4971 of this title and sections 1021, 1023, 1024, 1054, 1082 to 1084, 1085a, 1086, 1103, 1107, 1113, 1132, 1201, 1301, 1305 to 1307, 1322, 1341, 1342, 1344, 1349, 1362, 1364, 1367, and 1368 of Title 29, repealing section 1349 of Title 29, and enacting provi- sions set out as notes under sections 401, 404, 412, and 4971 of this title and sections 1054, 1107, 1132, 1301, 1305, 1322, and 1344 of Title 29] may be cited as the ‘Pension Protection Act’.’’ Pub. L. 100–203, title X, § 10000(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–382, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Revenue Act of 1987’.’’ Pub. L. 100–17, title V, § 501, Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 256, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections 4041, 4051, 4052, 4071, 4081, 4221, 4481, 4482, 4483, 6156, 6412, 6420, 6421, 6427, and 9503 of this title and section 460l–11 of Title 16, Conservation, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4052 and 4481 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Highway Revenue Act of 1987’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 99–662, title XIV, § 1401, Nov. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 4266, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 4461, 4462, 9505, and 9506 of this title and section 988a of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, amending section 4042 of this title and sections 984 and 1804 of Title 33, re- pealing sections 1801 and 1802 of Title 33, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4042, 4461, 9505, and 9506 of this title and sections 984 and 988 of Title 33] may be cited as the ‘Harbor Maintenance Rev- enue Act of 1986’.’’ Pub. L. 99–514, § 1(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2085, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Reform Act of 1986’.’’ Pub. L. 99–499, title V, § 501, Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1760, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 59A, 4671, 4672, 9507, and 9508 of this title, amending sections 26, 164, 275, 936, 1561, 4041, 4042, 4081, 4221, 4611, 4612, 4661, 4662, 6154, 6416, 6420, 6421, 6425, 6427, 6655, 9502, 9503, and 9506 of this title and section 9601 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing sections 4681 and 4682 of this title and sections 9631 to 9633, 9641, and 9653 of Title 42, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 26, 4041, 4611, 4661, 4671, 4681, 9507, and 9508 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Superfund Revenue Act of 1986’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 98–369, § 1(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 494, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Deficit Reduction Act of 1984’.’’ Pub. L. 98–369, div. A (§§ 5–1082), § 5(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 494, provided that: ‘‘This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Reform Act of 1984’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 98–135, § 1, Oct. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 857, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 3306 of this title and sections 1323 and 1397b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as notes under Page 48 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 sections 3304 and 3306 of this title and section 1323 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 3304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Supplemental Compensation Amendments of 1983’.’’ Pub. L. 98–76, title II, § 201, Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 419, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 3321 to 3323 and 6050G of this title, amending sections 72, 86, 105, 3201, 3202, 3211, 3221, 3231, 6157, 6201, 6317, 6513, and 6601 of this title and section 430 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 72, 105, 3201, 3321, and 6302 of this title and section 231n of Title 45, Railroads] may be cited as the ‘Railroad Retirement Revenue Act of 1983’.’’ Pub. L. 98–67, title I, § 101(a), Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 369, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 3406 and 6705 of this title, amending sections 31, 274, 275, 643, 661, 3402, 3403, 3502, 3507, 6011, 6013, 6015, 6042, 6044, 6049, 6051, 6365, 6401, 6413, 6652, 6653, 6654, 6676, 6678, 6682, 7205, 7215, 7431, 7654, and 7701 of this title, repealing sections 3451 to 3456 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 31, 3451, and 6011 of this title, and repeal- ing provisions set out as a note under section 3451 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983’.’’ Pub. L. 97–473, title II, § 201, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2607, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting section 7871 of this title, amending sections 41, 103, 164, 170, 2055, 2106, 2522, 4227, 4484, 6420, 6421, 6424, 6427, and 7701 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 7871 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Indian Tribal Govern- mental Tax Status Act of 1982’.’’ Pub. L. 97–448, § 1(a), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2365, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Technical Corrections Act of 1982’.’’ Pub. L. 97–424, title V, § 501(a), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2168, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for classi- fication] may be cited as the ‘Highway Revenue Act of 1982’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 97–362, § 1(a), Oct. 25, 1982, 96 Stat. 1726, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 8509 and 8521 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 48, 172, 4401, 4411, 6051, 7447, 7448, 7456, 7459, and 7463 of this title, and section 601 of former Title 46, Shipping, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 8509 and 8521 of Title 5 and sections 48, 172, 336, 4401, 4411, 6051, 7448, and 7463 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 2291 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and section 3306 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1982’.’’ Pub. L. 97–354, § 1(a), Oct. 19, 1982, 96 Stat. 1669, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 1361 to 1363, 1366 to 1368, 1371 to 1375, 1377 to 1379, and 6241 to 6245 of this title, amending sections 29, 31, 40, 41, 46, 48, 50A, 50B, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 62, 108, 163, 168, 170, 172, 179, 183, 189, 194, 267, 280, 280A, 291, 447, 464, 465, 613A, 992, 1016, 1101, 1212, 1251, 1254, 1256, 3453, 3454, 4992, 4996, 6037, 6042, 6362, and 6661 of this title and section 1108 of Title 29, Labor, omitting section 1376 of this title, and enacting provi- sions set out as a note under section 1361 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Subchapter S Revision Act of 1982’.’’ Pub. L. 97–248, § 1(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 324, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsi- bility Act of 1982’.’’ Pub. L. 97–248, title IV, § 401, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 648, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 6046A and 6221 to 6232 of this title and section 1508 of Title 28, Ju- diciary and Judicial Procedure, amending sections 702, 6031, 6213, 6216, 6422, 6501, 6504, 6511, 6512, 6515, 6679, 7422, 7451, 7456, 7459, 7482, and 7485 of this title and section 1346 of Title 28, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 6031, 6046A, 6221, and 6231 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Treatment of Partnership Items Act of 1982’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 97–119, title I, § 101(a), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1635, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle A (§§ 101–104) of title I of Pub. L. 97–119, enacting sections 9500, 9501, 9601, and 9602 of this title, amending sections 501 and 4121 of this title and sections 902, 925, 932, and 934 of Title 30, Mineral Lands and Mining, repealing section 934a of Title 30, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4121 and 9501 of this title and section 934 of Title 30] may be cited as the ‘Black Lung Benefits Revenue Act of 1981’.’’ Pub. L. 97–34, § 1(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 172, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 96–605, § 1(a), Dec. 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 3521, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 66 and 195 of this title, amending sections 48, 105, 125, 274, 401, 408, 409A, 410, 414, 415, 501, 513, 514, 528, 861, 871, and 2055 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 48, 66, 119, 125, 195, 274, 401, 409A, 414, 415, 501, 513, 514, 528, 861, 871, 2055, 3121, and 7701 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1980’.’’ Pub. L. 96–589, § 1(a), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3389, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 370, 1398, 1399, 6658, and 7464 of this title, redesignating former section 7464 of this title as 7465, amending sections 108, 111, 118, 128, 302, 312, 337, 351, 354, 355, 357, 368, 381, 382, 422, 443, 542, 703, 1017, 1023, 1371, 3302, 6012, 6036, 6103, 6155, 6161, 6212, 6213, 6216, 6326, 6404, 6503, 6512, 6532, 6871, 6872, 6873, 7430, and 7508 of this title, repealing section 1018 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 108 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Bank- ruptcy Tax Act of 1980’.’’ Pub. L. 96–510, title II, § 201(a), Dec. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2796, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting chapter 38 of this title, sections 9631 to 9641 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and provisions set out as a note under section 4611 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Hazardous Substance Response Revenue Act of 1980’.’’ Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, § 1100, Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2660, provided: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 103A, 280D, 897, 6039C, and 6429 of this title, amending sections 103, 861, 871, 882, 3121, 3306, 4251, 6652, and 6655 of this title and section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Wel- fare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1, 103A, 280D, 897, 3121, and 6655 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Revenue Adjustments Act of 1980’.’’ Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, subtitle A (§§ 1101–1104), § 1101, Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2660, provided: ‘‘This subtitle [en- acting section 103A of this title, amending section 103 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 103A of this title] may be cited as the ‘Mortgage Subsidy Bond Tax Act of 1980’.’’ Pub. L. 96–499, title XI, § 1121, Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2682, provided: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle C (§§ 1121–1125) of title XI of Pub. L. 96–499, enacting sections 897 and 6039C of this title, amending sections 861, 871, 882, and 6652 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 897 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980’.’’ Pub. L. 96–471, § 1(a), Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2247, pro- vided: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 453 to 453B of this title, amending sections 311, 336, 337, 381, former section 453, sections 453B, 481, 644, 691, 1038, 1239, and 1255 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 453, 691, and 1038 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Installment Sales Revision Act of 1980’.’’ Pub. L. 96–283, title IV, § 401, June 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 582, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 4495 to 4498 of this title and sections 1472, 1473 of Title 30, Min- eral Lands and Mining, and enacting provision set out as a note under section 4495 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Removal Tax Act of 1979’.’’ Page 49 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 Pub. L. 96–223, § 1(a) Apr. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 229, provided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980’.’’ Pub. L. 96–222, § 1(a), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 194, provided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Technical Corrections Act of 1979’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1979 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 96–39, title VIII, § 801(a), July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 273, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle A (§§ 801–810) of title VIII of Pub. L. 96–39, amending sections 5001, 5002 to 5008, 5043, 5061, 5064, 5066, 5116, 5171 to 5173, 5175 to 5178, 5180, 5181, 5201 to 5205, 5207, 5211 to 5215, 5221 to 5223, 5231, 5232, 5235, 5241, 5273, 5291, 5301, 5352, 5361 to 5363, 5365, 5381, 5391, 5551, 5601, 5604, 5610, 5612, 5615, 5663, 5681, 5682, and 5691 of this title, repealing sections 5009, 5021 to 5026, 5081 to 5084, 5174, 5233, 5234, 5251, 5252, 5364, and 5521 to 5523 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 5001, 5061, 5171, and 5173 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Distilled Spirits Tax Re- vision Act of 1979’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 95–618, § 1(a), Nov. 9, 1978, 92 Stat. 3174, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 44C, 124, and 4064 of this title, amending sections 39, 46 to 48, 56, 57, 167, 263, 465, 613, 613A, 614, 751, 1016, 1254, 4041, 4063, 4081, 4092, 4093, 4217, 4221, 4222, 4293, 4483, 6096, 6401, 6412, 6416, 6421, 6424, 6427, 6504, and 6675 of this title, redesignating section 124 of this title as section 125, enacting provi- sions set out as notes under sections 39, 44C, 48, 124, 167, 263, 613, 613A, 4041, 4063, 4064, 4081, 4093, and 4221 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 57 of this title and section 120 of Title 23, High- ways] may be cited as the ‘Energy Tax Act of 1978’.’’ Pub. L. 95–615, § 1, Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3097, provided that: ‘‘This Act [probably meaning sections 1 to 8 of Pub. L. 95–615, amending section 167 of this title, enact- ing provisions set out as notes under sections 61, 62, and 911 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 117, 167, 382, 401, and 911 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Treatment Extension Act of 1977’.’’ Pub. L. 95–615, § 201(a), Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3098, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [probably meaning sections 201 to 210 of Pub. L. 95–615, enacting section 913 of this title, amending sections 43, 62, 119, 217, 911, 1034, 1302, 1304, 1402, 3401, 6011, 6012, and 6091 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 61, 401, and 911 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Earned Income Act of 1978’.’’ Pub. L. 95–600, § 1(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2763, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Revenue Act of 1978’.’’ Pub. L. 95–502, title II, § 201, Oct. 21, 1978, 92 Stat. 1696, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting section 4042 of this title and sections 1801 to 1804 of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, amending section 4293 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 4042 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Inland Waterways Revenue Act of 1978’.’’ Pub. L. 95–227, § 1, Feb. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 11, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 192, 4121, and 4951 to 4953 of this title and section 934a of Title 30, Mineral Lands and Mining, amended sections 501, 4218, 4221, 4293, 4946, 6104, 6213, 6405, 6416, 6501, 6503, and 7454 of this title and section 934 of Title 30 and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 192 and 4121 of this title and section 934 of Title 30] may be cited as the ‘Black Lung Benefits Revenue Act of 1977’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1977 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 95–30, § 1(a), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 126, provided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977’.’’ Pub. L. 95–19, § 1, Apr. 12, 1977, 91 Stat. 39, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 3304 of this title, en- acting provisions set out as notes under sections 3302, 3304, and 3309 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 3302, 3304, and 3309 of this title and sections 359 and 360 of Title 2, The Congress] may be cited as the ‘Emergency Unemployment Com- pensation Extension Act of 1977’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 94–455, title I, § 101, Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1525, provided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Reform Act of 1976’.’’ Pub. L. 94–452, § 1, Oct. 2, 1976, 90 Stat. 1503, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 6158 of this title, amending sections 311, 1101, 1102, 1103, 6151, 6503, and 6601 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 311, 1101, and 6158 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Bank Holding Company Tax Act of 1976’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1975 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 94–164, § 1, Dec. 23, 1975, 89 Stat. 970, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 11, 21, 42, 43, 103, 141, 883, 962, 1561, 3402, 6012, 6153, and 6154 of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 42, 43, and 3402 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 3, 11, 43, 103, and 883 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Revenue Adjust- ment Act of 1975’.’’ Pub. L. 94–12, § 1(a), Mar. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 26, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections, 42, 43, 44, 613A, 907, 955, and 6428 of this title, amending sections 3, 11, 12, 21, 46, 47, 48, 50A, 50B, 56, 141, 214, 535, 613, 703, 851, 901, 902, 951, 954, 962, 993, 1034, 1561, 3304 note, 3402, 6012, 6096, 6201, and 6401 of this title, repealing sections 955 and 963 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 3, 11, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50A, 214, 410, 535, 613A, 907, 955, 993, 3304, 3402, 6428, and 6611 of this title and section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the ‘Tax Reduction Act of 1975’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1973 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 93–69, title I, § 110, July 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 166, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections 3201, 3202, 3211, and 3221 of this title and sections 228b, 228c, and 228e of Title 45, Railroads, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 3201 of this title and sections 228b, 228c, 228f, and 228o of Title 45, and amending provi- sions set out as notes under section 228c of Title 45] may be cited as the ‘Railroad Retirement Amendments of 1973’.’’ For short title of Pub. L. 93–17 as the ‘‘Interest Equalization Tax Extension Act of 1973’’, see section 1(a) of Pub. L. 93–17, set out as a note under section 2104 of this title. SHORT TITLE OF 1972 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 92–512, title II, § 201, Oct. 20, 1972, 86 Stat. 936, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 6361 to 6363 of this title, amending sections 6405 and 7463 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 7463 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal- State Tax Collection Act of 1972’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1971 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 92–178, § 1(a), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 497, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Revenue Act of 1971’.’’ For short title of Pub. L. 92–9 as the ‘‘Interest Equali- zation Tax Extension Act of 1971’’, see section 1(a) of Pub. L. 92–9, set out as a note under section 861 of this title. SHORT TITLE OF 1970 AMENDMENT For short title of Pub. L. 91–614 as the ‘‘Excise, Es- tate, and Gift Tax Adjustment Act of 1970’’, see section 1 of Pub. L. 91–614, set out as a Short Title note under section 2001 of this title. Page 50 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 SHORT TITLE OF 1969 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 91–172, § 1(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 487, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Tax Reform Act of 1969’.’’ For short title of Pub. L. 91–128 as the ‘‘Interest Equalization Tax Extension Act of 1969’’, see section 1(a) of Pub. L. 91–128, set out as a note under section 4182 of this title. SHORT TITLE OF 1968 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 90–364, § 1(a), June 28, 1968, 82 Stat. 251, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 51 and 6425 of this title, amending sections 103, 243, 276, 501, 963, 3402, 4061, 4251, 6020, 6154, 6412, 6651, 6655, 7203, 7502, and 7701 of this title and sections 603, 607, and 1396b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing sections 6016, 6074, and 4251 to 4254 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 51, 103, 276, 501, 4061, 6154, and 7502 of this title, section 3101 of Title 5, Gov- ernment Organization and Employees, sections 11 and 757b of former Title 31, Money and Finance, and section 1396b of Title 42, and amending notes under section 1396b of Title 42,] may be cited as the ‘Revenue and Ex- penditure Control Act of 1968’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1967 AMENDMENT For short title of Pub. L. 90–59 as the ‘‘Interest Equalization Tax Extension Act of 1967’’, see section 1(a) of Pub. L. 90–59, set out as a note under section 6011 of this title. SHORT TITLE OF 1966 AMENDMENT For short title of title I of Pub. L. 89–809 as the ‘‘For- eign Investors Tax Act of 1966’’, see section 101 of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 861 of this title. For short title of title III of Pub. L. 89–809 as the ‘‘Presidential Election Campaign Fund Act of 1966’’, see section 301 of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a Short Title note under section 6096 of this title. For short title of Pub. L. 89–719 as the ‘‘Federal Tax Lien Act of 1966’’, see section 1(a) of Pub. L. 89–719, set out as a Short Title note under section 6321 of this title. SHORT TITLE OF 1965 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 89–44, § 1(a), June 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 136, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1965’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1964 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 88–348, § 1, June 30, 1964, 78 Stat. 237, provided: ‘‘That this Act [amending sections 165, 4061, 4251, 4261, 5001, 5022, 5041, 5051, 5063, 5701, 5707, and 6412 of this title, and provisions set out as notes under sections 165, 4261, and 5701 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Excise- Tax Rate Extension Act of 1964’.’’ Pub. L. 88–272, § 2(a), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat 19, provided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Revenue Act of 1964’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1963 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 88–52, § 1, June 29, 1963, 77 Stat. 72, provided: ‘‘That this Act [amending sections 11, 821, 4061, 4251, 4261, 5001, 5022, 5041, 5051, 5063, 5701, 5707, 6412 of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 4261 and 5701 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Rate Ex- tension Act of 1963’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1962 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 87–834, § 1(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 960, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Revenue Act of 1962’.’’ For short title of Pub. L. 87–792 as the ‘‘Self-Em- ployed Individuals Tax Retirement Act of 1962’’, see section 1 of Pub. L. 87–792, set out as a note under sec- tion 401 of this title. Pub. L. 87–508, § 1, June 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 114, provided: ‘‘That this Act [amending sections 11, 821, 4061, 4251 to 4253, 4261 to 4264, 5001, 5002, 5041, 5051, 5063, 5701, 6707, 6412, 6416, and 6421 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 4261, 6416, and 6421 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 5701 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Rate Extension Act of 1962’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1961 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 87–72, § 1, June 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 193, provided: ‘‘That this Act [amending sections 11, 821, 4061, 4251, 4261, 5001, 5022, 5041, 5051, 5063, 5701, 5707, and 6412 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 5701 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Rate Extension Act of 1961’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 86–75, § 1, June 30, 1959, 73 Stat. 157, provided: ‘‘That this Act [amending sections 11, 821, 4061, 4251, 4261, 5001, 5022, 5041, 5051, 5063, 5701, 5707 and 6412 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 5701 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Rate Extension Act of 1959’.’’ Pub. L. 86–69, § 1, June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 112, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending former part I of subchapter L of this chapter and sections 116, 381, 841, 842, 891, 1016, 1201, 1232, 1504, 4371, and 6501 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 801, 6072, and 6655 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Life Insurance Company Income Tax Act of 1959’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1958 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 85–866, title I, § 1(a), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1606, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Technical Amendments Act of 1958’.’’ Pub. L. 85–866, title II, § 201, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1676, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections 165, 172, 179, 535, 1244, 1551, 6161, 6166, 6503, and 6601 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 172, 179, 535, 6161 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Small Business Tax Revision Act of 1958’.’’ For short title of Pub. L. 85–859 as the ‘‘Excise Tax Technical Changes Act of 1958’’, see section 1(a) of Pub. L. 85–859, set out as a Short Title note under section 5001 of this title. Pub. L. 85–475, § 1, June 30, 1958, 72 Stat. 259, provided: ‘‘That this Act [amending sections 11, 821, 4061, 4292, 5001, 5022, 5041, 5051, 5063, 5134, 5701, 5707, 6412, 6415, 6416, 7012, and 7272 of this title and repealing sections 4271 to 4273 and 4281 to 4283 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Rate Extension Act of 1958’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1957 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 85–12, § 1, Mar. 29, 1957, 71 Stat. 9, provided: ‘‘That this Act [amending sections 11, 821, 4061, 5001, 5022, 5041, 5051, 5063, 5134, 5701, 5707, and 6412 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Tax Rate Extension Act of 1957’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1956 AMENDMENT For short title of title II of act June 29, 1956 as the ‘‘Highway Revenue Act of 1956’’, see section 201(a) of act June 29, 1956, set out as a note under section 4041 of this title. For short title of act Mar. 29, 1956 as the ‘‘Tax Rate Extension Act of 1956’’, see section 1 of act Mar. 29, 1956, set out as a note under section 4041 of this title. Act Mar. 13, 1956, ch. 83, § 1, 70 Stat. 36, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting section 843 of this title and amending sections 316, 501, 594, 801 to 805, 811 to 813, 816 to 818, 821, 822, 832, 841, 842, 891, 1201, 1504, and 4371 of this title] be cited as the ‘Life Insurance Company Tax Act for 1955’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1955 AMENDMENT For short title of act Mar. 30, 1955 as the ‘‘Tax Rate Extension Act of 1955’’, see section 1 of act Mar. 30, 1955, set out as a note under section 4041 of this title. Page 51 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLES Pub. L. 111–5, § 3, Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 115, provided that: ‘‘(a) STATEMENT OF PURPOSES.—The purposes of this Act [see Tables for classification] include the following: ‘‘(1) To preserve and create jobs and promote eco- nomic recovery. ‘‘(2) To assist those most impacted by the recession. ‘‘(3) To provide investments needed to increase eco- nomic efficiency by spurring technological advances in science and health. ‘‘(4) To invest in transportation, environmental protection, and other infrastructure that will provide long-term economic benefits. ‘‘(5) To stabilize State and local government budg- ets, in order to minimize and avoid reductions in es- sential services and counterproductive state and local tax increases. ‘‘(b) GENERAL PRINCIPLES CONCERNING USE OF FUNDS.—The President and the heads of Federal depart- ments and agencies shall manage and expend the funds made available in this Act so as to achieve the purposes specified in subsection (a), including commencing ex- penditures and activities as quickly as possible con- sistent with prudent management.’’ TRANSITIONAL RULES FOR TAXABLE YEARS WHICH INCLUDE MAY 6, 2003 Pub. L. 108–27, title III, § 301(c), May 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 759, provided that: ‘‘For purposes of applying section 1(h) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 in the case of a taxable year which includes May 6, 2003— ‘‘(1) The amount of tax determined under subpara- graph (B) of section 1(h)(1) of such Code shall be the sum of— ‘‘(A) 5 percent of the lesser of— ‘‘(i) the net capital gain determined by taking into account only gain or loss properly taken into account for the portion of the taxable year on or after May 6, 2003 (determined without regard to collectibles gain or loss, gain described in section 1(h)(6)(A)(i) of such Code, and section 1202 gain), or ‘‘(ii) the amount on which a tax is determined under such subparagraph (without regard to this subsection), ‘‘(B) 8 percent of the lesser of— ‘‘(i) the qualified 5-year gain (as defined in sec- tion 1(h)(9) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as in effect on the day before the date of the en- actment of this Act [May 28, 2003]) properly taken into account for the portion of the taxable year before May 6, 2003, or ‘‘(ii) the excess (if any) of— ‘‘(I) the amount on which a tax is determined under such subparagraph (without regard to this subsection), over ‘‘(II) the amount on which a tax is determined under subparagraph (A), plus ‘‘(C) 10 percent of the excess (if any) of— ‘‘(i) the amount on which a tax is determined under such subparagraph (without regard to this subsection), over ‘‘(ii) the sum of the amounts on which a tax is determined under subparagraphs (A) and (B). ‘‘(2) The amount of tax determined under [former] subparagraph (C) of section (1)(h)(1) of such Code shall be the sum of— ‘‘(A) 15 percent of the lesser of— ‘‘(i) the excess (if any) of the amount of net cap- ital gain determined under subparagraph (A)(i) of paragraph (1) of this subsection over the amount on which a tax is determined under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) of this subsection, or ‘‘(ii) the amount on which a tax is determined under such subparagraph (C) (without regard to this subsection), plus ‘‘(B) 20 percent of the excess (if any) of— ‘‘(i) the amount on which a tax is determined under such subparagraph (C) (without regard to this subsection), over ‘‘(ii) the amount on which a tax is determined under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph. ‘‘(3) For purposes of applying section 55(b)(3) of such Code, rules similar to the rules of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection shall apply. ‘‘(4) In applying this subsection with respect to any pass-thru entity, the determination of when gains and losses are properly taken into account shall be made at the entity level. ‘‘(5) For purposes of applying section 1(h)(11) of such Code, as added by section 302 of this Act, to this subsection, dividends which are qualified dividend in- come shall be treated as gain properly taken into ac- count for the portion of the taxable year on or after May 6, 2003. ‘‘(6) Terms used in this subsection which are also used in section 1(h) of such Code shall have the re- spective meanings that such terms have in such sec- tion.’’ COORDINATION OF PROVISIONS IN AMENDATORY ACTS Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, § 4001(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–906, provided that: ‘‘For purposes of ap- plying the amendments made by any title of this divi- sion [§§ 1000–5301, see Tables for classification] other than this title [see Definitions note set out below for classification], the provisions of this title shall be treated as having been enacted immediately before the provisions of such other titles.’’ Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, § 6001(b), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 790, provided that: ‘‘For purposes of applying the amendments made by any title of this Act other than this title, the provisions of this title [see Tables for classification] shall be treated as having been enacted immediately before the provisions of such other titles.’’ Pub. L. 105–34, title XVI, § 1600, Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1086, provided that: ‘‘For purposes of applying the amendments made by any title of this Act other than this title, the provisions of this title [see Tables for classification] shall be treated as having been enacted immediately before the provisions of such other titles.’’ Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1701, Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1868, provided that: ‘‘For purposes of applying the amendments made by any subtitle [subtitle A to F (§§ 1111–1621) and H to J (§§ 1801–1954) of title I of Pub. L. 104–188, see Tables for classification] of this title other than this subtitle [subtitle G (§§ 1701–1704) of title I of Pub. L. 104–188, see Tables for classification], the provi- sions of this subtitle shall be treated as having been en- acted immediately before the provisions of such other subtitles.’’ Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11700, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–505, provided that: ‘‘For purposes of applying the amendments made by any subtitle [subtitles A to F (§§ 11101–11622) and H and I (§§ 11801–11901) of title XI of Pub. L. 101–508, see Tables for classification] of this title other than this subtitle [subtitle G (§§ 11700–11704) of title XI of Pub. L. 101–508, see Tables for classifica- tion], the provisions of this subtitle shall be treated as having been enacted immediately before the provisions of such other subtitles.’’ Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7801(b), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2406, provided that: ‘‘For purposes of applying the amendments made by any subtitle [subtitles A to G (§§ 7101–7743) of title VII of Pub. L. 101–239, see Tables for classification] of this title other than this subtitle [subtitle H (§§ 7801–7894) of title VII of Pub. L. 101–239, see Tables for classification], the provisions of this sub- title shall be treated as having been enacted imme- diately before the provisions of such other subtitles.’’ Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, § 1800, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2784, provided that: ‘‘For purposes of applying the amendments made by any title of this Act other than this title, the provisions of this title [see Tables for classification] shall be treated as having been enacted immediately before the provisions of such other titles.’’ ADJUSTMENTS FOR CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ERROR Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title III, § 308], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–636, provided that: Page 52 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 ‘‘(a) DETERMINATIONS BY OMB.—As soon as prac- ticable after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2000], the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall determine with respect to each applicable Federal benefit program whether the CPI computation error for 1999 has or will result in a shortfall in pay- ments to beneficiaries under such program (as com- pared to payments that would have been made if the error had not occurred). As soon as practicable after the date of the enactment of this Act, but not later than 60 days after such date, the Director shall direct the head of the Federal agency which administers such program to make a payment or payments that, insofar as the Director finds practicable and feasible— ‘‘(1) are targeted to the amount of the shortfall ex- perienced by individual beneficiaries, and ‘‘(2) compensate for the shortfall. ‘‘(b) COORDINATION WITH FEDERAL AGENCIES.—As soon as practicable after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2000], each Federal agency that admin- isters an applicable Federal benefit program shall, in accordance with such guidelines as are issued by the Director pursuant to this section, make an initial de- termination of whether, and the extent to which, the CPI computation error for 1999 has or will result in a shortfall in payments to beneficiaries of an applicable Federal benefit program administered by such agency. Not later than 30 days after such date, the head of such agency shall submit a report to the Director and to each House of the Congress of such determination, to- gether with a complete description of the nature of the shortfall. ‘‘(c) IMPLEMENTATION PURSUANT TO AGENCY RE- PORTS.—Upon receipt of the report submitted by a Fed- eral agency pursuant to subsection (b), the Director shall review the initial determination of the agency, the agency’s description of the nature of the shortfall, and the compensation payments proposed by the agen- cy. Prior to directing payment of such payments pursu- ant to subsection (a), the Director shall make appro- priate adjustments (if any) in the compensation pay- ments proposed by the agency that the Director deter- mines are necessary to comply with the requirements of subsection (a) and transmit to the agency a sum- mary report of the review, indicating any adjustments made by the Director. The agency shall make the com- pensation payments as directed by the Director pursu- ant to subsection (a) in accordance with the Director’s summary report. ‘‘(d) INCOME DISREGARD UNDER FEDERAL MEANS-TEST- ED BENEFIT PROGRAMS.—A payment made under this section to compensate for a shortfall in benefits shall, in accordance with guidelines issued by the Director pursuant to this section, be disregarded in determining income under title VIII of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.] or any applicable Federal benefit program that is means-tested. ‘‘(e) FUNDING.—Funds otherwise available under each applicable Federal benefit program for making benefit payments under such program are hereby made avail- able for making compensation payments under this section in connection with such program. ‘‘(f) NO JUDICIAL REVIEW.—No action taken pursuant to this section shall be subject to judicial review. ‘‘(g) DIRECTOR’S REPORT.—Not later than April 1, 2001, the Director shall submit to each House of the Congress a report on the activities performed by the Director pursuant to this section. ‘‘(h) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section: ‘‘(1) APPLICABLE FEDERAL BENEFIT PROGRAM.—The term ‘applicable Federal benefit program’ means any program of the Government of the United States pro- viding for regular or periodic payments or cash as- sistance paid directly to individual beneficiaries, as determined by the Director of the Office of Manage- ment and Budget. ‘‘(2) FEDERAL AGENCY.—The term ‘Federal agency’ means a department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government of the United States. ‘‘(3) CPI COMPUTATION ERROR FOR 1999.—The term ‘CPI computation error for 1999’ means the error in the computation of the Consumer Price Index an- nounced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on Sep- tember 28, 2000. ‘‘(i) TAX PROVISIONS.—In the case of taxable years (and other periods) beginning after December 31, 2000, if any Consumer Price Index (as defined in section 1(f)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) reflects the CPI computation error for 1999— ‘‘(1) the correct amount of such Index shall (in such manner and to such extent as the Secretary of the Treasury determines to be appropriate) be taken into account for purposes of such Code, and ‘‘(2) tables prescribed under section 1(f) of such Code to reflect such correct amount shall apply in lieu of any tables that were prescribed based on the erroneous amount.’’ APPLICATION OF SPECIAL RULES FOR MAXIMUM CAPITAL GAINS RATE Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, § 4002(i)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–907, provided that: ‘‘(2)(A) Subparagraphs (A)(i)(II), (A)(ii)(II), and (B)(ii) of section 1(h)(13) of the 1986 Code shall not apply to any distribution after December 31, 1997, by a regulated investment company or a real estate investment trust with respect to— ‘‘(i) gains and losses recognized directly by such company or trust, and ‘‘(ii) amounts properly taken into account by such company or trust by reason of holding (directly or in- directly) an interest in another such company or trust to the extent that such subparagraphs did not apply to such other company or trust with respect to such amounts. ‘‘(B) Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any dis- tribution which is treated under section 852(b)(7) or 857(b)(8) of the 1986 Code as received on December 31, 1997. ‘‘(C) For purposes of subparagraph (A), any amount which is includible in gross income of its shareholders under section 852(b)(3)(D) or 857(b)(3)(D) of the 1986 Code after December 31, 1997, shall be treated as distributed after such date. ‘‘(D)(i) For purposes of subparagraph (A), in the case of a qualified partnership with respect to which a regu- lated investment company meets the holding require- ment of clause (iii)— ‘‘(I) the subparagraphs referred to in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to gains and losses recognized di- rectly by such partnership for purposes of deter- mining such company’s distributive share of such gains and losses, and ‘‘(II) such company’s distributive share of such gains and losses (as so determined) shall be treated as recognized directly by such company. The preceding sentence shall apply only if the qualified partnership provides the company with written docu- mentation of such distributive share as so determined. ‘‘(ii) For purposes of clause (i), the term ‘qualified partnership’ means, with respect to a regulated invest- ment company, any partnership if— ‘‘(I) the partnership is an investment company reg- istered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 [15 U.S.C. 80a–1 et seq.], ‘‘(II) the regulated investment company is per- mitted to invest in such partnership by reason of sec- tion 12(d)(1)(E) of such Act [15 U.S.C. 80a–12(d)(1)(E)] or an exemptive order of the Securities and Exchange Commission under such section, and ‘‘(III) the regulated investment company and the partnership have the same taxable year. ‘‘(iii) A regulated investment company meets the holding requirement of this clause with respect to a qualified partnership if (as of January 1, 1998)— ‘‘(I) the value of the interests of the regulated in- vestment company in such partnership is 35 percent or more of the value of such company’s total assets, or ‘‘(II) the value of the interests of the regulated in- vestment company in such partnership and all other Page 53 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 qualified partnerships is 90 percent or more of the value of such company’s total assets.’’ CAPITAL GAIN DISTRIBUTION BY TRUST Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, § 4003(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–909, as amended by Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title III, § 312(b)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–640, provided that: ‘‘In the case of any capital gain distribution made after 1997 by a trust to which section 664 of the 1986 Code applies with respect to amounts properly taken into account by such trust during 1997, paragraphs (5)(A)(i)(I), (5)(A)(ii)(I), (7)(A)(i)(II), and (13)(A) of section 1(h) of the 1986 Code (as in effect for taxable years ending on December 31, 1997) shall not apply.’’ ELECTION TO RECOGNIZE GAIN ON ASSETS HELD ON JANUARY 1, 2001 Pub. L. 105–34, title III, § 311(e), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 835, as amended by Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title III, § 314(c)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–643; Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, § 414(a), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 54, pro- vided that: ‘‘For purposes of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—A taxpayer other than a corpora- tion may elect to treat— ‘‘(A) any readily tradable stock (which is a cap- ital asset) held by such taxpayer on January 1, 2001, and not sold before the next business day after such date, as having been sold on such next business day for an amount equal to its closing market price on such next business day (and as having been reac- quired on such next business day for an amount equal to such closing market price), and ‘‘(B) any other capital asset or property used in the trade or business (as defined in section 1231(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) held by the taxpayer on January 1, 2001, as having been sold on such date for an amount equal to its fair market value on such date (and as having been reacquired on such date for an amount equal to such fair mar- ket value). ‘‘(2) TREATMENT OF GAIN OR LOSS.— ‘‘(A) Any gain resulting from an election under paragraph (1) shall be treated as received or accrued on the date the asset is treated as sold under para- graph (1) and shall be included in gross income not- withstanding any provision of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. ‘‘(B) Any loss resulting from an election under paragraph (1) shall not be allowed for any taxable year. ‘‘(3) ELECTION.—An election under paragraph (1) shall be made in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate may prescribe and shall specify the assets for which such election is made. Such an election, once made with respect to any asset, shall be irrevocable. Such an election shall not apply to any asset which is disposed of (in a trans- action in which gain or loss is recognized in whole or in part) before the close of the 1-year period begin- ning on the date that the asset would have been treated as sold under such election. ‘‘(4) READILY TRADABLE STOCK.—For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘readily tradable stock’ means any stock which, as of January 1, 2001, is readily tradable on an established securities market or oth- erwise. ‘‘(5) DISPOSITION OF INTEREST IN PASSIVE ACTIVITY.— Section 469(g)(1)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall not apply by reason of an election made under paragraph (1).’’ [Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, § 414(b), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 54, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending section 311(e) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out above] shall take effect as if included in section 311 of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 [Pub. L. 105–34].’’] ELECTION TO PAY ADDITIONAL 1993 TAXES IN INSTALLMENTS Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13201(d), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 459, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—At the election of the taxpayer, the additional 1993 taxes may be paid in 3 equal install- ments. ‘‘(2) DATES FOR PAYING INSTALLMENTS.—In the case of any tax payable in installments by reason of paragraph (1)— ‘‘(A) the first installment shall be paid on or before the due date for the taxpayer’s taxable year begin- ning in calendar year 1993, ‘‘(B) the second installment shall be paid on or be- fore the date 1 year after the date determined under subparagraph (A), and ‘‘(C) the third installment shall be paid on or before the date 2 years after the date determined under sub- paragraph (A). For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term ‘due date’ means the date prescribed for filing the tax- payer’s return determined without regard to exten- sions. ‘‘(3) EXTENSION WITHOUT INTEREST.—For purposes of section 6601 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, the date prescribed for the payment of any tax payable in installments under paragraph (1) shall be determined with regard to the extension under paragraph (1). ‘‘(4) ADDITIONAL 1993 TAXES.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘additional 1993 taxes’ means the excess of— ‘‘(i) the taxpayer’s net chapter 1 liability as shown on the taxpayer’s return for the taxpayer’s taxable year beginning in calendar year 1993, over ‘‘(ii) the amount which would have been the tax- payer’s net chapter 1 liability for such taxable year if such liability had been determined using the rates which would have been in effect under section 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 for taxable years beginning in calendar year 1993 but for the amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 41, 63, 68, 132, 151, 453A, 513, 531, and 541 of this title] and section 13202 [amending this section and sections 531 and 541 of this title] and such liability had otherwise been determined on the basis of the amounts shown on the tax- payer’s return. ‘‘(B) NET CHAPTER 1 LIABILITY.—For purposes of sub- paragraph (A), the term ‘net chapter 1 liability’ means the liability for tax under chapter 1 of the In- ternal Revenue Code of 1986 determined— ‘‘(i) after the application of any credit against such tax other than the credits under sections 31 and 34, and ‘‘(ii) before crediting any payment of estimated tax for the taxable year. ‘‘(5) ACCELERATION OF PAYMENTS.—If the taxpayer does not pay any installment under this section on or before the date prescribed for its payment or if the Sec- retary of the Treasury or his delegate believes that the collection of any amount payable in installments under this section is in jeopardy, the Secretary shall imme- diately terminate the extension under paragraph (1) and the whole of the unpaid tax shall be paid on notice and demand from the Secretary. ‘‘(6) ELECTION ON RETURN.—An election under para- graph (1) shall be made on the taxpayer’s return for the taxpayer’s taxable year beginning in calendar year 1993. ‘‘(7) EXCEPTION FOR ESTATES AND TRUSTS.—This sub- section shall not apply in the case of an estate or trust.’’ TRANSITIONAL RULE FOR MAXIMUM CAPITAL GAINS RATE Pub. L. 99–514, title III, § 302(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2218, which related to long-term capital gain on rights to royalties paid under particular leases and assign- ments, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1003(b)(1), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3382. COORDINATION WITH OTHER PROVISIONS Pub. L. 99–509, title VIII, § 8081, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1965, provided that: ‘‘Nothing in any provision of this Page 54 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 Act [see Tables for classifications] (other than this title) shall be construed as— ‘‘(1) imposing any tax (or exempting any person or property from any tax), ‘‘(2) establishing any trust fund, or ‘‘(3) authorizing amounts to be expended from any trust fund.’’ [S.Con.Res. 174, agreed to Oct. 18, 1986, provided: ‘‘That, in the enrollment of the bill (H.R. 5300) to pro- vide for reconciliation pursuant to section 2 of the con- current resolution on the budget for fiscal year 1987, the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall insert at the end of section 8081 of the bill the following: Para- graph (3) shall not apply to any authorization made by title IX of this Act.’’ As a result of clerical error, the sentence was inserted at the end of section 8101 of the bill, and appears at the end of section 8101 of Pub. L. 99–509, 100 Stat. 1967.] Pub. L. 99–499, title V, § 531, Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1782, provided that: ‘‘Notwithstanding any provision of this Act [see Tables for classifications] not contained in this title [see Short Title of 1986 Amendment note above], any provision of this Act (not contained in this title) which— ‘‘(1) imposes any tax, premium, or fee, ‘‘(2) establishes any trust fund, or ‘‘(3) authorizes amounts to be expended from any trust fund, shall have no force or effect.’’ ELIMINATION OF 50-CENT ROUNDING ERRORS Pub. L. 97–448, title I, § 101(a)(3), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2366, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: ‘‘If any figure in any table— ‘‘(A) which is set forth in section 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as amend- ed by section 101 of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 [Pub. L. 97–34, title I, § 101, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 176], and ‘‘(B) which applies to married individuals filing sep- arately or to estates and trusts, differs by not more than 50 cents from the correct amount under the formula used in constructing such table, such figure is hereby corrected to the correct amount.’’ [See 1982 Amendment note above.] POLICY WITH RESPECT TO ADDITIONAL TAX REDUCTIONS Pub. L. 95–600, § 3, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2767, provided that: ‘‘As a matter of national policy the rate of growth in Federal outlays, adjusted for inflation, should not exceed 1 percent per year between fiscal year 1979 and fiscal year 1983; Federal outlays as a percentage of gross national product should decline to below 21 per- cent in fiscal year 1980, 20.5 percent in fiscal year 1981, 20 percent in fiscal year 1982 and 19.5 percent in fiscal year 1983; and the Federal budget should be balanced in fiscal years 1982 and 1983. If these conditions are met, it is the intention that the tax-writing committees of Congress will report legislation providing significant tax reductions for individuals to the extent that these tax reductions are justified in the light of prevailing and expected economic conditions.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF CERTAIN DEFINITIONS AND DESIGNATIONS Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1908, Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1836, provided that: ‘‘For purposes of any amendment made by any provision of this Act [see Tables for classi- fication] (other than this title)— ‘‘(1) which contains a term the meaning of which is defined in or modified by any provision of this title, and ‘‘(2) which has an effective date earlier than the ef- fective date of the provision of this title defining or modifying such term, that definition or modification shall be considered to take effect as of such earlier effective date.’’ CONGRESSIONAL DECLARATION RELATING TO 1975 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 94–164, § 1A, Dec. 23, 1975, 89 Stat. 970, provided that: ‘‘(a) Congress is determined to continue the tax re- duction for the first 6 months of 1976 in order to assure continued economic recovery. ‘‘(b) Congress is also determined to continue to con- trol spending levels in order to reduce the national def- icit. ‘‘(c) Congress reaffirms its commitments to the pro- cedures established by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 [see Tables for classi- fication of Pub. L. 93–344, July 12, 1974, 88 Stat. 297] under which it has already established a binding spend- ing ceiling for the fiscal year 1976. ‘‘(d) If the Congress adopts a continuation of the tax reduction provided by this Act [see Short Title of 1975 Amendment note above] beyond June 30, 1976, and if economic conditions warrant doing so, Congress shall provide, through the procedures in the Budget Act [Pub. L. 93–344], for reductions in the level of spending in the fiscal year 1977 below what would otherwise occur, equal to any additional reduction in taxes (from the 1974 tax rate levels) provided for the fiscal year 1977: Provided, however, That nothing shall preclude the right of the Congress to pass a budget resolution con- taining a higher or lower expenditure figure if the Con- gress concludes that this is warranted by economic conditions or unforeseen circumstances.’’ CONGRESSIONAL DECLARATION RELATING TO 1964 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 88–272, § 1, Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 19, provided that: ‘‘It is the sense of Congress that the tax reduction provided by this Act [see Short Title of 1964 Amend- ment note above] through stimulation of the economy, will, after a brief transitional period, raise (rather than lower) revenues and that such revenue increases should first be used to eliminate the deficits in the adminis- trative budgets and then to reduce the public debt. To further the objective of obtaining balanced budgets in the near future, Congress by this action, recognizes the importance of taking all reasonable means to restrain Government spending and urges the President to de- clare his accord with this objective.’’ DEFINITIONS Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title IV, § 4001(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–906, provided that: ‘‘For purposes of this title [amending this section, sections 51, 56, 67, 68, 86, 135, 137, 163, 172, 219, 221, 264, 351, 368, 408A, 469, 873, 954, 2001, 2031, 6015, 6103, 6159, 6311, 6404, 6693, 7421, 7443A, 7491, 9503, and 9510 of this title, and sections 401 and 407 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 51, 67, 68, 86, 172, 833, 6103, and 9503 of this title, and sec- tion 401 of Title 42, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 6601 and 7508A of this title]— ‘‘(1) 1986 CODE.—The term ‘1986 Code’ means the In- ternal Revenue Code of 1986. ‘‘(2) 1998 ACT.—The term ‘1998 Act’ means the Inter- nal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (Public Law 105–206) [see Tables for classifica- tion]. ‘‘(3) 1997 ACT.—The term ‘1997 Act’ means the Tax- payer Relief Act of 1997 (Public Law 105–34) [see Ta- bles for classification].’’ Executive Documents INFLATION ADJUSTED ITEMS FOR CERTAIN YEARS Provisions relating to inflation adjustment of items in sections 1, 23, 24, 25A, 25B, 32, 36B, 42, 45R, 55, 59, 62, 63, 68, 125, 132, 135, 137, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 179, 179D, 199A, 213, 219, 220, 221, 223, 408A, 448, 461, 512, 513, 642, 685, 831, 877, 877A, 911, 1274A, 2010, 2032A, 2503, 2523, 2631, 4001, 4003, 4161, 4261, 4611, 5000A, 6012, 6013, 6033, 6039F, 6323, 6334, 6601, 6651, 6652, 6695, 6698, 6699, 6721, 6722, 7345, 7430, 7702B, and 9831 of this title for certain years were con- tained in the following: 2025—Revenue Procedure 2024–40. 2024—Revenue Procedure 2023–34. Page 55 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 1 2023—Revenue Procedure 2022–38. 2022—Revenue Procedure 2021–45. 2021—Revenue Procedure 2020–45. 2020—Revenue Procedure 2019–44. 2019—Revenue Procedure 2018–57. 2018—Revenue Procedure 2017–58. 2017—Revenue Procedure 2016–55. 2016—Revenue Procedure 2015–53, as modified by Rev- enue Procedure 2016–11. 2015—Revenue Procedures 2014–61 and 2016–11. 2014—Revenue Procedure 2013–35. 2013—Revenue Procedures 2012–41 and 2013–15. 2012—Revenue Procedure 2011–52, as modified by Rev- enue Procedure 2013–15. 2011—Revenue Procedures 2010–40 and 2011–12. 2010—Revenue Procedures 2009–50, 2010–24, and 2010–35. 2009—Revenue Procedure 2008–66. 2008—Revenue Procedure 2007–66. 2007—Revenue Procedures 2006–53 and 2007–36. 2006—Revenue Procedure 2005–70. 2005—Revenue Procedure 2004–71. 2004—Revenue Procedure 2003–85. 2003—Revenue Procedure 2002–70. 2002—Revenue Procedure 2001–59. 2001—Revenue Procedure 2001–13. 2000—Revenue Procedure 99–42. 1999—Revenue Procedure 98–61. 1998—Revenue Procedure 97–57. 1997—Revenue Procedure 96–59. 1996—Revenue Procedure 95–53. 1995—Revenue Procedure 94–72. 1994—Revenue Procedure 93–49. 1993—Revenue Procedure 92–102. 1992—Revenue Procedure 91–65. 1991—Revenue Procedure 90–64. 1990—Revenue Procedure 90–7. 1989—Revenue Procedure 88–56. 1986—Revenue Procedure 85–55. 1985—Revenue Procedure 84–79. EX. ORD. NO. 14082. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENERGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISIONS OF THE INFLATION REDUC- TION ACT OF 2022 Ex. Ord. No. 14082, Sept. 12, 2022, 87 F.R. 56861, pro- vided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to effectively implement the his- toric energy and infrastructure provisions in Public Law 117–169, commonly referred to as the Inflation Re- duction Act of 2022 (the ‘‘Act’’) [see Tables for classi- fication], and to accelerate United States global leader- ship in clean energy innovation, manufacturing, and deployment in a way that cuts consumer energy costs, creates well-paying union jobs and sustainable and eq- uitable economic opportunity, advances environmental justice, and addresses the climate crisis, it is hereby or- dered as follows: SECTION 1. Background. The Act is the single largest and most ambitious investment in the ability of the United States to advance clean energy, cut consumer energy costs, confront the climate crisis, promote envi- ronmental justice, and strengthen energy security, among other vital provisions that will lower costs for families, reduce the deficit, and grow and strengthen the economy. The Act will: (a) build on the once-in-a-generation investment in the infrastructure and competitiveness of the United States set forth in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Public Law 117–58) [see Tables for classifica- tion] by accelerating the deployment of clean energy technologies, making home energy efficiency and clean energy installations more affordable, and incentivizing the purchase of electric vehicles; (b) boost energy security and lower energy costs for families, businesses, and government; (c) revitalize American manufacturing by investing in domestic clean energy supply chains and creating well-paying union jobs, including in traditional energy communities; (d) improve public health and advance environmental justice and economic opportunity for frontline commu- nities who disproportionately bear the brunt of cumu- lative exposure to industrial and energy pollution; (e) promote climate justice by reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions in line with the goal of real- izing net-zero emissions by no later than 2050; (f) harness nature-based solutions—including cli- mate-smart agriculture and forestry—that deliver eco- nomic benefits for rural communities, Tribes, farmers, ranchers, and forest landowners; (g) expand research and accelerate innovation in the development of clean energy, climate, and related tech- nologies; and (h) increase the resilience of our communities in the face of a changing climate. Achieving these goals will require effective implemen- tation of the Act by my Administration, as well as by State, local, Tribal, and territorial governments. SEC. 2. Implementation Priorities. In implementing the Act, all agencies (as described in section 3502(1) of title 44, United States Code, except for the agencies de- scribed in section 3502(5) of title 44) shall, as appro- priate and to the extent consistent with law, prioritize: (a) investing public dollars effectively and efficiently, working to avoid waste, and achieving measurable, de- monstrable outcomes for the American people; (b) driving progress to achieve the climate goals of the United States to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 50–52 percent below 2005 levels in 2030, achieve a carbon pollution-free electricity sector by 2035, and achieve net-zero emissions by no later than 2050; (c) advancing environmental and climate justice through an all-of-government approach, including through the Justice40 Initiative set forth in Executive Order 14008 of January 27, 2021 (Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad) [42 U.S.C. 4321 note], to pro- tect and improve the health and well-being of fence- line and frontline communities in the United States; (d) promoting construction of clean energy genera- tion, storage, and transmission, and enabling tech- nologies through efficient, effective mechanisms that incorporate community engagement; (e) increasing the competitiveness of the United States economy and investment in critical supply chains, including through the Act’s incentives and measures to strengthen domestic manufacturing and supply chains; (f) increasing high-quality job opportunities for American workers and improving equitable access to these jobs, including in traditional energy commu- nities, through the timely implementation of the Act’s requirements for prevailing wages and registered ap- prenticeships and by focusing on high labor standards and the free and fair chance to join a union; (g) reducing energy costs for working families, busi- nesses, and governments at all levels while increasing energy security for the benefit of United States eco- nomic competitiveness and national security; (h) accelerating innovation by directing the scientific and technical expertise of America’s researchers, busi- nesses, and workers toward achieving breakthroughs in clean energy and climate technologies; and (i) effectively coordinating with State, local, Tribal, and territorial governments, as well as with private- sector stakeholders and nongovernmental organiza- tions, in implementing the critical investments out- lined in this section to build sustainable, resilient com- munities. SEC. 3. White House Office on Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation. There is hereby established the White House Office on Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation within the Executive Office of the President, which shall coordinate the policymaking process with respect to implementing the energy and infrastructure provisions of the Act and other essential initiatives. The White House Office on Clean Energy In- novation and Implementation shall have a staff headed by the Senior Advisor for Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation; shall have such staff and other assist- Page 56 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 2 ance as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this order, subject to the availability of appropriations; and may work with established or ad hoc committees and interagency groups. SEC. 4. Interagency Coordination. (a) [Amended Ex. Ord. No. 14008, set out as a note under section 4321 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.] (b) [Amended Ex. Ord. No. 12898, set out as a note under section 4321 of Title 42.] (c) [Amended Ex. Ord. No. 14052, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.] SEC. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive de- partment or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Man- agement and Budget relating to budgetary, administra- tive, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appro- priations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforce- able at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. J.R. BIDEN, JR. § 2. Definitions and special rules (a) Definition of surviving spouse (1) In general For purposes of section 1, the term ‘‘sur- viving spouse’’ means a taxpayer— (A) whose spouse died during either of his two taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year, and (B) who maintains as his home a household which constitutes for the taxable year the principal place of abode (as a member of such household) of a dependent (i) who (within the meaning of section 152, deter- mined without regard to subsections (b)(1), (b)(2), and (d)(1)(B) thereof) is a son, stepson, daughter, or stepdaughter of the taxpayer, and (ii) with respect to whom the taxpayer is entitled to a deduction for the taxable year under section 151. For purposes of this paragraph, an individual shall be considered as maintaining a house- hold only if over half of the cost of maintain- ing the household during the taxable year is furnished by such individual. (2) Limitations Notwithstanding paragraph (1), for purposes of section 1 a taxpayer shall not be considered to be a surviving spouse— (A) if the taxpayer has remarried at any time before the close of the taxable year, or (B) unless, for the taxpayer’s taxable year during which his spouse died, a joint return could have been made under the provisions of section 6013 (without regard to subsection (a)(3) thereof). (3) Special rule where deceased spouse was in missing status If an individual was in a missing status (within the meaning of section 6013(f)(3)) as a result of service in a combat zone (as deter- mined for purposes of section 112) and if such individual remains in such status until the date referred to in subparagraph (A) or (B), then, for purposes of paragraph (1)(A), the date on which such individual died shall be treated as the earlier of the date determined under subparagraph (A) or the date determined under subparagraph (B): (A) the date on which the determination is made under section 556 of title 37 of the United States Code or under section 5566 of title 5 of such Code (whichever is applicable) that such individual died while in such miss- ing status, or (B) except in the case of the combat zone designated for purposes of the Vietnam con- flict, the date which is 2 years after the date designated under section 112 as the date of termination of combatant activities in that zone. (b) Definition of head of household (1) In general For purposes of this subtitle, an individual shall be considered a head of a household if, and only if, such individual is not married at the close of his taxable year, is not a surviving spouse (as defined in subsection (a)), and ei- ther— (A) maintains as his home a household which constitutes for more than one-half of such taxable year the principal place of abode, as a member of such household, of— (i) a qualifying child of the individual (as defined in section 152(c), determined with- out regard to section 152(e)), but not if such child— (I) is married at the close of the tax- payer’s taxable year, and (II) is not a dependent of such indi- vidual by reason of section 152(b)(2) or 152(b)(3), or both, or (ii) any other person who is a dependent of the taxpayer, if the taxpayer is entitled to a deduction for the taxable year for such person under section 151, or (B) maintains a household which con- stitutes for such taxable year the principal place of abode of the father or mother of the taxpayer, if the taxpayer is entitled to a de- duction for the taxable year for such father or mother under section 151. For purposes of this paragraph, an individual shall be considered as maintaining a house- hold only if over half of the cost of maintain- ing the household during the taxable year is furnished by such individual. (2) Determination of status For purposes of this subsection— (A) an individual who is legally separated from his spouse under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance shall not be consid- ered as married; (B) a taxpayer shall be considered as not married at the close of his taxable year if at any time during the taxable year his spouse is a nonresident alien; and (C) a taxpayer shall be considered as mar- ried at the close of his taxable year if his spouse (other than a spouse described in sub- paragraph (B)) died during the taxable year.