18 U.S.C. § 3056 — Powers, authorities, and duties of United

Page 693 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 3056 1 See References in Text note below. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 817.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on section 250 of title 25, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Indi- ans (Aug. 24, 1912, ch. 388, § 1, 37 Stat. 519). The only change was to delete the words at the begin- ning of the section, ‘‘The powers conferred by section 504 of title 28 upon marshals and their deputies are con- ferred upon.’’ and the addition, at the end of the sec- tion, of the phrase expressing such powers beginning with the words ‘‘may execute all warrants’’. § 3056. Powers, authorities, and duties of United States Secret Service (a) Under the direction of the Secretary of Homeland Security, the United States Secret Service is authorized to protect the following persons: (1) The President, the Vice President (or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President), the President-elect, and the Vice President-elect. (2) The immediate families of those individ- uals listed in paragraph (1). (3) Former Presidents and their spouses for their lifetimes, except that protection of a spouse shall terminate in the event of remar- riage. (4) Children of a former President who are under 16 years of age. (5) Visiting heads of foreign states or foreign governments. (6) Other distinguished foreign visitors to the United States and official representatives of the United States performing special mis- sions abroad when the President directs that such protection be provided. (7) Major Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates and, within 120 days of the general Presidential election, the spouses of such can- didates. As used in this paragraph, the term ‘‘major Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates’’ means those individuals identified as such by the Secretary of Homeland Secu- rity after consultation with an advisory com- mittee consisting of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the minority leader of the House of Representatives, the majority and minority leaders of the Senate, and one addi- tional member selected by the other members of the committee. The Committee shall not be subject to chapter 10 of title 5. (8) Former Vice Presidents, their spouses, and their children who are under 16 years of age, for a period of not more than six months after the date the former Vice President leaves office. The Secretary of Homeland Se- curity shall have the authority to direct the Secret Service to provide temporary protec- tion for any of these individuals at any time thereafter if the Secretary of Homeland Secu- rity or designee determines that information or conditions warrant such protection. The protection authorized in paragraphs (2) through (8) may be declined. (b) Under the direction of the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Secret Service is au- thorized to detect and arrest any person who violates— (1) section 508, 509, 510, 871, or 879 of this title or, with respect to the Federal Deposit Insur- ance Corporation, Federal land banks, and Federal land bank associations, section 213, 216,1 433, 493, 657, 709, 1006, 1007, 1011, 1013, 1014, 1907, or 1909 of this title; (2) any of the laws of the United States re- lating to coins, obligations, and securities of the United States and of foreign governments; or (3) any of the laws of the United States re- lating to electronic fund transfer frauds, ac- cess device frauds, false identification docu- ments or devices, and any fraud or other criminal or unlawful activity in or against any federally insured financial institution; ex- cept that the authority conferred by this para- graph shall be exercised subject to the agree- ment of the Attorney General and the Sec- retary of Homeland Security and shall not af- fect the authority of any other Federal law en- forcement agency with respect to those laws. (c)(1) Under the direction of the Secretary of Homeland Security, officers and agents of the Secret Service are authorized to— (A) execute warrants issued under the laws of the United States; (B) carry firearms; (C) make arrests without warrant for any of- fense against the United States committed in their presence, or for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States if they have reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing such felony; (D) offer and pay rewards for services and in- formation leading to the apprehension of per- sons involved in the violation or potential vio- lation of those provisions of law which the Se- cret Service is authorized to enforce; (E) pay expenses for unforeseen emergencies of a confidential nature under the direction of the Secretary of Homeland Security and ac- counted for solely on the Secretary’s certifi- cate; and (F) perform such other functions and duties as are authorized by law. (2) Funds expended from appropriations avail- able to the Secret Service for the purchase of counterfeits and subsequently recovered shall be reimbursed to the appropriations available to the Secret Service at the time of the reimburse- ment. (d) Whoever knowingly and willfully ob- structs, resists, or interferes with a Federal law enforcement agent engaged in the performance of the protective functions authorized by this section or by section 1752 of this title shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. (e)(1) When directed by the President, the United States Secret Service is authorized to participate, under the direction of the Secretary of Homeland Security, in the planning, coordi- nation, and implementation of security oper- ations at special events of national significance, as determined by the President. (2) At the end of each fiscal year, the Presi- dent through such agency or office as the Presi- dent may designate, shall report to the Con- gress— Page 694 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 3056 (A) what events, if any, were designated spe- cial events of national significance for secu- rity purposes under paragraph (1); and (B) the criteria and information used in making each designation. (f) Under the direction of the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Secret Service is au- thorized, at the request of any State or local law enforcement agency in conjunction with an in- vestigation, or at the request of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, to provide forensic and investigative assistance. (g) The United States Secret Service shall be maintained as a distinct entity within the De- partment of Homeland Security and shall not be merged with any other Department function. No personnel and operational elements of the United States Secret Service shall report to an individual other than the Director of the United States Secret Service, who shall report directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security without being required to report through any other offi- cial of the Department. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 818; July 16, 1951, ch. 226, § 4, 65 Stat. 122; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1143, § 2, 68 Stat. 999; Pub. L. 86–168, title I, § 104(h), Aug. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 387; Pub. L. 87–791, Oct. 10, 1962, 76 Stat. 809; Pub. L. 87–829, § 3, Oct. 15, 1962, 76 Stat. 956; Pub. L. 89–186, Sept. 15, 1965, 79 Stat. 791; Pub. L. 89–218, Sept. 29, 1965, 79 Stat. 890; Pub. L. 90–608, ch. XI, § 1101, Oct. 21, 1968, 82 Stat. 1198; Pub. L. 91–644, title V, § 19, Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1892; Pub. L. 91–651, § 4, Jan. 5, 1971, 84 Stat. 1941; Pub. L. 93–346, § 8, July 12, 1974, as added Pub. L. 93–552, title VI, § 609(a), Dec. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 1765; Pub. L. 94–408, § 2, Sept. 11, 1976, 90 Stat. 1239; Pub. L. 97–297, § 3, Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1318; Pub. L. 97–308, § 2, Oct. 14, 1982, 96 Stat. 1452; Pub. L. 98–151, § 115(b), Nov. 14, 1983, 97 Stat. 977; Pub. L. 98–587, § 1(a), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3110; Pub. L. 103–329, title V, § 530, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2412; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, § 605(i), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3510; Pub. L. 106–544, § 3, Dec. 19, 2000, 114 Stat. 2716; Pub. L. 107–56, title V, § 506(b), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 367; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, § 1703(a)(1), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2313; Pub. L. 108–21, title III, § 322, Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 665; Pub. L. 109–177, title VI, §§ 604, 607, 608(a), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 253, 256; Pub. L. 110–326, title I, § 102, Sept. 26, 2008, 122 Stat. 3560; Pub. L. 112–257, § 2, Jan. 10, 2013, 126 Stat. 2413; Pub. L. 115–393, title II, § 203, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5271; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(135), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4320.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 148, and on sec- tions 264(x) and 986 of title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking (Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, § 12B, subsection (x), as added June 16, 1933, ch. 89, § 8, 48 Stat. 178; July 17, 1916, ch. 245, § 31, sixth paragraph, 39 Stat. 382 (384); Dec. 11, 1926, ch. 2, § 3, 44 Stat. 918; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, § 101, 49 Stat. 684, 703). Section consolidates said section 148 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and said sections 264(x) and 986 of title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking. Said section 148 of title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking, was concerned with offenses relating to coun- terfeiting and passing, etc., of transportation requests and to the unlawful possession or making of plates, stones, etc., used in making such requests, which were defined in sections 146 and 147 of said title 18, now sec- tions 508 and 509 of this title. Said sections 264(x) and 986 of title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking, were concerned with various of- fenses as defined in sections 981–985, 987 of said title 12, relating to Federal land banks, joint-stock land banks and national farm loan associations, and as defined in section 264 of said title 12 relating to the Federal De- posit Insurance Corporation. All of the provisions of said sections 981–985, 987 of said title 12, and the crimi- nal provisions of said section 264 of said title 12, were transferred to this title where they were, in some in- stances, consolidated with similar provisions from other sections. Such provisions are now incorporated in sections 218, 221, 433, 493, 657, 709, 1006, 1007, 1011, 1013, 1014, 1907, and 1909 of this title. In most instances, these sections, as the result of the consolidations, relate to other organizations as well as those mentioned above, but, by enumerating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Federal land banks, joint-stock land banks, and national farm loan associations in this sec- tion, the powers of the Secret Service are not broad- ened beyond what they were in said sections 264(x) and 986 of said title 12. In this section, the wording of said section 148 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and section 986 of title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking reading ‘‘The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized to direct and use the Secret Service Division of the Treasury Department’’ was adopted, rather than the wording of said section 264(x) of said title 12, which read ‘‘The Secret Service Division of the Treasury Department is authorized.’’ Words ‘‘of the United States marshal having jurisdic- tion’’, following ‘‘custody’’ in all three of said sections, were omitted as surplusage. Changes were made in phraseology. Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 216 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), was repealed by Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 1107(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2146. AMENDMENTS 2022—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted ‘‘chap- ter 10 of title 5.’’ for ‘‘the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App. 2).’’ 2018—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–393 inserted ‘‘in conjunc- tion with an investigation’’ after ‘‘local law enforce- ment agency’’ and struck out before period at end ‘‘in support of any investigation involving missing or ex- ploited children’’. 2013—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 112–257, § 2(a), struck out provisions limiting protection for certain former Presi- dents and their spouses to ten years from the date a former President leaves office, with certain exceptions, and authorizing the provision of temporary protection if determined to be warranted by the Secretary of Homeland Security. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 112–257, § 2(b), struck out ‘‘for a period not to exceed ten years or upon the child becom- ing 16 years of age, whichever comes first’’ after ‘‘16 years of age’’. 2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–326, § 102(2), substituted ‘‘(8)’’ for ‘‘(7)’’ in concluding provisions. Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 110–326, § 102(1), added par. (8). 2006—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 109–177, § 608(a), which di- rected amendment of subsec. (a)(7) by inserting ‘‘The Committee shall not be subject to the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App. 2).’’ after ‘‘other mem- bers of the Committee.’’, was executed by making the insertion after ‘‘other members of the committee.’’, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–177, § 604, substituted ‘‘the Se- cret Service is’’ for ‘‘officers and agents of the Secret Service are’’. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–177, § 607, added subsec. (g). 2003—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–21 added subsec. (f). 2002—Subsecs. (a) to (c)(1), (e)(1). Pub. L. 107–296 sub- stituted ‘‘of Homeland Security’’ for ‘‘of the Treasury’’ wherever appearing. Page 695 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 3056 2001—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 107–56 substituted ‘‘access device frauds, false identification documents or de- vices, and any fraud or other criminal or unlawful ac- tivity in or against any federally insured financial in- stitution’’ for ‘‘credit and debit card frauds, and false identification documents or devices’’. 2000—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–544 added subsec. (e). 1996—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–294 redesignated sub- pars. (1) and (2) as (A) and (B), respectively, and re- aligned margins. 1994—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–329, § 530(a), inserted before period at end ‘‘unless the former President did not serve as President prior to January 1, 1997, in which case, former Presidents and their spouses for a period of not more than ten years from the date a former President leaves office, except that— ‘‘(1) protection of a spouse shall terminate in the event of remarriage or the divorce from, or death of a former President; and ‘‘(2) should the death of a President occur while in office or within one year after leaving office, the spouse shall receive protection for one year from the time of such death: Provided, That the Secretary of the Treasury shall have the authority to direct the Secret Service to provide temporary protection for any of these individuals at any time if the Secretary of the Treasury or designee determines that information or conditions warrant such protection’’. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 103–329, § 530(b), inserted before period at end ‘‘for a period not to exceed ten years or upon the child becoming 16 years of age, whichever comes first’’. 1984—Pub. L. 98–587 amended section generally, pro- viding authority for the Secret Service to conduct criminal investigations of, make arrests in, and present for prosecutorial consideration, cases relating to elec- tronic fund transfer frauds, and providing the Secret Service with authority to conduct investigations and make arrests relating to credit and debit card frauds, and false identification documents and devices, to be exercised subject to the agreement of the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury. 1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–151 inserted reference to section 510 of this section in fifth clause. 1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–297, § 3(1), substituted ‘‘871, and 879 of this title’’ for ‘‘and 871 of this title’’. Pub. L. 97–297, § 3(2), substituted ‘‘and Federal land bank associations are concerned, of sections 213, 216’’ for ‘‘, joint-stock land banks and Federal land bank as- sociations are concerned, of sections 218, 221’’. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–308 increased the limitation on fines to $1,000 from $300. 1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–408 substituted ‘‘, and the members of their immediate families unless the members decline such protection;’’ for ‘‘; protect the members of the immediate family of the Vice-Presi- dent, unless such protection is declined;’’. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–408 inserted reference to other Federal law enforcement agents. 1974—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–552 inserted provisions relating to the protection of the immediate family of the Vice President unless declined, and the payment of expenses for unforeseen emergencies of a confidential nature under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury and accounted for solely on his certificate. 1971—Pub. L. 91–651 authorized the Secret Service to protect the person of a visiting head of a foreign state or foreign government and, at the direction of the President, other distinguished foreign visitors to the United States and official representatives of the United States performing special missions abroad, and sub- stituted ‘‘Director, Deputy Director, Assistant Direc- tors, Assistants to the Director’’ for ‘‘Chief, Deputy Chief, Assistant Chief’’. Pub. L. 91–644 designated existing provisions as sub- sec. (a) and added subsec. (b). 1968—Pub. L. 90–608 substituted the death or remar- riage of a former President’s widow and the attainment by his minor children of age 16 for the passage of a pe- riod of four years after he leaves or dies in office as the events terminating Secret Service protection for the widow and minor children, respectively, of a former President. 1965—Pub. L. 89–218 authorized the Chief, Deputy Chief, Assistant Chief, inspectors, and agents of the Se- cret Service to make arrests without warrant for of- fenses committed against the United States in their presence or for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States if they have reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing the felony and substituted ‘‘508, 509, and 871’’ for ‘‘508 and 509’’. Pub. L. 89–186 substituted provision for the protection of the person of a former President and his wife during his lifetime and the person of a widow and minor chil- dren of a former President for a period of four years after he leaves or dies in office, unless the protection is declined, for provision calling for the protection of a former President, at his request, for a reasonable pe- riod after he leaves office. 1962—Pub. L. 87–829 authorized the protection of the Vice President, without requiring his request therefor, and any officer next in the order of succession to the office of President, the Vice-President-elect, and of a former president, at his request, for a reasonable period after he leaves office. Pub. L. 87–791 required moneys expended from Secret Service appropriations for the purchase of counterfeits and subsequently recovered to be reimbursed to the ap- propriation current at the time of deposit. 1959—Pub. L. 86–168 substituted ‘‘Federal land bank associations’’ for ‘‘national farm loan associations’’. 1954—Act Aug. 31, 1954, struck out ‘‘detect, and arrest any person violating any laws of the United States di- rectly concerning official matters administered by and under the direct control of the Treasury Department’’. 1951—Act July 16, 1951, provided basic authority for the Secret Service to perform certain functions and ac- tivities heretofore carried out by virtue of authority contained in appropriation acts. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2008 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 110–326, title I, § 103, Sept. 26, 2008, 122 Stat. 3560, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this Act [probably should be ‘‘title’’, meaning title I of Pub. L. 110–326, which amended this section and enacted provi- sions set out as a note under section 1 of this title] shall apply with respect to any Vice President holding office on or after the date of enactment of the Act [Sept. 26, 2008].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, § 1703(b), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2314, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and former sections 202 and 208 of Title 3, The President] shall take effect on the date of transfer of the United States Secret Service to the Department [of Homeland Security].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 93–552, title VI, § 609(b), Dec. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 1765, provided that: ‘‘Except as otherwise provided therein, the amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section, former section 202 of Title 3, The President, and provisions set out as a note under section 111 of Title 3] shall become effective July 12, 1974.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 86–168 effective Dec. 31, 1959, see section 104(k) of Pub. L. 86–168. TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of the functions, personnel, assets, and obligations of the United States Secret Service, includ- Page 696 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 3056 ing the functions of the Secretary of the Treasury re- lating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 381, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganiza- tion Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. PRESIDENTIAL SECURITY Pub. L. 118–91, Oct. 1, 2024, 138 Stat. 1560, provided that: ‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘Enhanced Presidential Security Act of 2024’. ‘‘SEC. 2. UNIFORM STANDARDS FOR SECRET SERV- ICE PROTECTION OF PRESIDENTS, VICE PRESI- DENTS, AND MAJOR PRESIDENTIAL AND VICE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES. ‘‘The Director of the United States Secret Service shall apply the same standards for determining the number of agents required to protect Presidents, Vice Presidents, and major Presidential and Vice Presi- dential candidates. ‘‘SEC. 3. REPORT. ‘‘Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 1, 2024], the Director of the United States Secret Service shall conduct a comprehensive review of the provision of protection by the Secret Service for Presidents, Vice Presidents, former Presi- dents, and major Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates, and submit to the Committee on the Judi- ciary of the House of Representatives and the Com- mittee on the Judiciary of the Senate a report that in- cludes the findings from such review, along with any recommendations for improving the provision of pro- tection. ‘‘SEC. 4. DEFINITION. ‘‘In this Act, the term ‘major Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates’ has the meaning given such term in section 3056 of title 18, United States Code, and includes any other Presidential or Vice Presidential candidate for whom the President has otherwise au- thorized the Secret Service to protect.’’ Pub. L. 94–524, Oct. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 2475, as amended by Pub. L. 99–190, § 143, Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1324; Pub. L. 101–136, title V, § 527, Nov. 3, 1989, 103 Stat. 815; Pub. L. 101–509, title V, § 531(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1469; Pub. L. 102–141, title V, § 533, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 867; Pub. L. 104–52, title V, § 529, Nov. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 496; Pub. L. 104–316, title I, § 109(a), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3832, provided: ‘‘That this Act may be cited as the ‘Presidential Protection Assistance Act of 1976’. ‘‘SEC. 2. As used in this Act the term— ‘‘(1) ‘Secret Service’ means the United States Se- cret Service, the Department of the Treasury; ‘‘(2) ‘Director’ means the Director of the Secret Service; ‘‘(3) ‘protectee’ means any person eligible to receive the protection authorized by section 3056 of title 18, United States Code, or Public Law 90–331 (82 Stat. 170) [formerly set out as a note below]; ‘‘(4) ‘Executive departments’ has the same meaning as provided in section 101 of title 5, United States Code; ‘‘(5) ‘Executive agencies’ has the same meaning as provided in section 105 of title 5, United States Code; ‘‘(6) ‘Coast Guard’ means the United States Coast Guard, Department of Transportation or such other Executive department or Executive agency to which the United States Coast Guard may subsequently be transferred; ‘‘(7) ‘duties’ means all responsibilities of an Execu- tive department or Executive agency relating to the protection of any protectee; and ‘‘(8) ‘non-Governmental property’ means any prop- erty owned, leased, occupied, or otherwise utilized by a protectee which is not owned or controlled by the Government of the United States of America. ‘‘SEC. 3. (a) Each protectee may designate one non- governmental property to be fully secured by the Se- cret Service on a permanent basis. ‘‘(b) A protectee may thereafter designate a different non-Governmental property in lieu of the non-Govern- mental property previously designated under sub- section (a) (hereinafter in this Act referred to as the ‘previously designated property’) as the one non-Gov- ernmental property to be fully secured by the Secret Service on a permanent basis under subsection (a). Thereafter, any expenditures by the Secret Service to maintain a permanent guard detail or for permanent facilities, equipment, and services to secure the non- Governmental property previously designated under subsection (a) shall be subject to the limitations im- posed under section 4. ‘‘(c) For the purposes of this section, where two or more protectees share the same domicile, such protectees shall be deemed a single protectee. ‘‘SEC. 4. Expenditures by the Secret Service for main- taining a permanent guard detail and for permanent fa- cilities, equipment, and services to secure any non- Governmental property in addition to the one non-Gov- ernmental property designated by each protectee under subsection 3(a) or 3(b) may not exceed a cumulative total of $200,000 at each such additional non-Govern- mental property, unless expenditures in excess of that amount are specifically approved by resolutions adopt- ed by the Committees on Appropriations of the House and Senate, respectively. ‘‘SEC. 5. (a) All improvements and other items ac- quired by the Federal Government and used for the pur- pose of securing any non-Governmental property in the performance of the duties of the Secret Service shall be the property of the United States. ‘‘(b) Upon termination of Secret Service protection at any non-Governmental property all such improvements and other items shall be removed from the non-Govern- mental property unless the Director determines that it would not be economically feasible to do so; except that such improvements and other items shall be re- moved and the non-Governmental property shall be re- stored to its original state if the owner of such prop- erty at the time of termination requests the removal of such improvements or other items. If any such im- provements or other items are not removed, the owner of the non-Governmental property at the time of termi- nation shall compensate the United States for the original cost of such improvements or other items or for the amount by which they have increased the fair market value of the property, as determined by the Di- rector, as of the date of termination, whichever is less. ‘‘(c) In the event that any non-Governmental prop- erty becomes a previously designated property and Se- cret Service protection at that property has not been terminated, all such improvements and other items which the Director determines are not necessary to se- cure the previously designated property within the lim- itations imposed under section 4 shall be removed or compensated for in accordance with the procedures set forth under Subsection (b) of this section. ‘‘SEC. 6. Executive departments and Executive agen- cies shall assist the Secret Service in the performance of its duties by providing services, equipment, and fa- cilities on a temporary and reimbursable basis when re- quested by the Director and on a permanent and reim- bursable basis upon advance written request of the Di- rector; except that the Department of Defense and the Coast Guard shall provide such assistance on a tem- porary basis without reimbursement when assisting the Secret Service in its duties directly related to the pro- tection of the President or the Vice President or other officer immediately next in order of succession to the office of the President. ‘‘SEC. 7. No services, equipment, or facilities may be ordered, purchased, leased, or otherwise procured for the purposes of carrying out the duties of the Secret Service by persons other than officers or employees of the Federal Government duly authorized by the Direc- tor to make such orders, purchases, leases, or procure- ments. Page 697 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 3056 ‘‘SEC. 8. No funds may be expended or obligated for the purpose of carrying out the purposes of section 3056 of title 18, United States Code, and section 1 of Public Law 90–331 [formerly set out as a note below] other than funds specifically appropriated to the Secret Serv- ice for those purposes with the exception of— ‘‘(1) expenditures made by the Department of De- fense or the Coast Guard from funds appropriated to the Department of Defense or the Coast Guard in pro- viding assistance on a temporary basis to the Secret Service in the performance of its duties directly re- lated to the protection of the President or the Vice President or other officer next in order of succession to the office of the President; and ‘‘(2) expenditures made by Executive departments and agencies, in providing assistance at the request of the Secret Service in the performance of its duties, and which will be reimbursed by the Secret Service under section 6 of this Act. ‘‘SEC. 9. The Director, the Secretary of Defense, and the Commandant of the Coast Guard shall each trans- mit a detailed semi-annual report of expenditures made pursuant to this Act during the six-month period im- mediately preceding such report by the Secret Service, the Department of Defense, and the Coast Guard, re- spectively, to the Committees on Appropriations, Com- mittees on the Judiciary, and Committees on Govern- ment Operations [now Committee on Oversight and Ac- countability of the House of Representatives and Com- mittee on Homeland Security and Governmental Af- fairs of the Senate] of the House of Representatives and the Senate, respectively, on March 31 and September 30, of each year. ‘‘SEC. 10. Expenditures made pursuant to this Act shall be subject to audit by the Comptroller General and his authorized representatives, who shall have ac- cess to all records relating to such expenditures. The Comptroller General shall transmit a report of the re- sults of any such audit to the Committees on Appro- priations, Committees on the Judiciary, and Commit- tees on Government Operations [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability of the House of Rep- resentatives and Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate] of the House of Representatives and the Senate, respectively. ‘‘SEC. 11. Section 2 of Public Law 90–331 (82 Stat. 170) [formerly set out as a note below] is repealed. ‘‘SEC. 12. In carrying out the protection of the Presi- dent of the United States, pursuant to section 3056(a) of title 18, at the one non-governmental property des- ignated by the President of the United States to be fully secured by the United States Secret Service on a permanent basis, as provided in section 3.(a) of Public Law 94–524 [section 3(a) of this note], or at an airport facility used for travel en route to or from such property[,] the Secretary of the Treasury may utilize, with their consent, the law enforcement services, per- sonnel, equipment, and facilities of the affected State and local governments. Further, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to reimburse such State and local governments for the utilization of such services, personnel, equipment, and facilities. All claims for such reimbursement by the affected governments will be submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury on a quarterly basis. Expenditures for this reimbursement are authorized not to exceed $300,000 at the one non- governmental property, and $70,000 at the airport facil- ity, in any one fiscal year: Provided, That the des- ignated site is located in a municipality or political subdivision of any State where the permanent resident population is 7,000 or less and where the absence of such Federal assistance would place an undue economic bur- den on the affected State and local governments: Pro- vided further, That the airport facility is wholly or par- tially located in a municipality or political subdivison [sic] of any State where the permanent resident popu- lation is 7,000 or less, the airport is located within 25 nautical miles of the designated nongovernmental property, and where the absence of such Federal assist- ance would place an undue economic burden on the af- fected State and local governments.’’ [For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relat- ing thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Secu- rity, and the Department of Homeland Security Reor- ganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.] USE OF FUNDS FOR UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE PROTECTION Pub. L. 109–295, title V, § 517(b), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1380, as amended by Pub. L. 110–161, div. E, title V, § 517, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2073, provided that: ‘‘For fiscal year 2008, and each fiscal year thereafter, the Director of the United States Secret Service may enter into an agreement to perform protection of a Federal official other than a person granted protection under section 3056(a) of title 18, United States Code, on a fully reim- bursable basis.’’ FUNDS FOR TRAINING Pub. L. 108–90, title II, Oct. 1, 2003, 117 Stat. 1145, pro- vided in part: ‘‘That in fiscal year 2004 and thereafter, subject to the reimbursement of actual costs to this ac- count, funds appropriated in this account shall be available, at the discretion of the Director, for the fol- lowing: training United States Postal Service law en- forcement personnel and Postal police officers, training Federal law enforcement officers, training State and local government law enforcement officers on a space- available basis, and training private sector security of- ficials on a space-available basis’’. EXPANSION OF NATIONAL ELECTRONIC CRIME TASK FORCE INITIATIVE Pub. L. 107–56, title I, § 105, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 277, as amended by Pub. L. 109–177, title VI, § 608(b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 256; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(136), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4320, provided that: ‘‘The Director of the United States Secret Service shall take appropriate ac- tions to develop a national network of electronic crime task forces, based on the New York Electronic Crimes Task Force model, throughout the United States, for the purpose of preventing, detecting, and investigating various forms of electronic crimes, including potential terrorist attacks against critical infrastructure and fi- nancial payment systems. The electronic crimes task forces shall not be subject to chapter 10 of title 5, United States Code.’’ NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER Pub. L. 106–544, § 4, Dec. 19, 2000, 114 Stat. 2716, pro- vided that: ‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The United States Secret Serv- ice (hereafter in this section referred to as the ‘Serv- ice’), at the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, may establish the National Threat Assessment Center (hereafter in this section referred to as the ‘Center’) as a unit within the Service. ‘‘(b) FUNCTIONS.—The Service may provide the fol- lowing to Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies through the Center: ‘‘(1) Training in the area of threat assessment. ‘‘(2) Consultation on complex threat assessment cases or plans. ‘‘(3) Research on threat assessment and the preven- tion of targeted violence. ‘‘(4) Facilitation of information sharing among all such agencies with protective or public safety respon- sibilities. ‘‘(5) Programs to promote the standardization of Federal, State, and local threat assessments and in- vestigations involving threats. ‘‘(6) Any other activities the Secretary determines are necessary to implement a comprehensive threat assessment capability. ‘‘(c) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2000], the Service Page 698 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 3056A shall submit a report to the Committees on the Judici- ary of the Senate and the House of Representatives de- tailing the manner in which the Center will operate.’’ TELECOMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT TO UNITED STATES SE- CRET SERVICE BY WHITE HOUSE COMMUNICATIONS AGENCY Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(b) [title VIII, § 8100], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–71, 3009–108, as amended by Pub. L. 106–92, § 2, Nov. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1309, provided that: ‘‘Beginning in fiscal year 1997 and thereafter, and notwithstanding any other provision of law, fixed and mobile telecommunications support shall be provided by the White House Communications Agency (WHCA) to the United States Secret Service (USSS), without reimbursement, in connection with the Secret Service’s duties directly related to the pro- tection of the President or the Vice President or other officer immediately next in order of succession to the office of the President at the White House Security Complex in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area and Camp David, Maryland. For these purposes, the White House Security Complex includes the White House, the White House grounds, the Dwight D. Eisen- hower Executive Office Building, the New Executive Of- fice Building, the Blair House, the Treasury Building, and the Vice President’s Residence at the Naval Ob- servatory.’’ OFF-SET OF COSTS OF PROTECTING FORMER PRESIDENTS AND SPOUSES Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(f) [title V, § 509], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–314, 3009–345, provided that: ‘‘The United States Secret Service may, during the fis- cal year ending September 30, 1997, and hereafter, ac- cept donations of money to off-set costs incurred while protecting former Presidents and spouses of former Presidents when the former President or spouse travels for the purpose of making an appearance or speech for a payment of money or any thing of value.’’ Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriations acts: Pub. L. 104–52, title V, § 509, Nov. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 492. Pub. L. 103–329, title V, § 514, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2410. Pub. L. 103–123, title V, § 515, Oct. 28, 1993, 107 Stat. 1253. Pub. L. 102–393, title V, § 519, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1759. Pub. L. 102–141, title V, § 522, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 865. Pub. L. 101–509, title V, § 525, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1426. FORMER VICE PRESIDENT OR SPOUSE; PROTECTION Pub. L. 103–1, Jan. 15, 1993, 107 Stat. 3, provided: ‘‘That— ‘‘(1) the United States Secret Service, in addition to other duties now provided by law, is authorized to furnish protection to— ‘‘(A) the person occupying the Office of Vice President of the United States immediately pre- ceding January 20, 1993, or ‘‘(B) his spouse, if the President determines that such person may thereafter be in significant danger; and ‘‘(2) protection of any such person, pursuant to the authority provided in paragraph (1), shall continue only for such period as the President determines, ex- cept that such protection shall not continue beyond July 20, 1993, unless otherwise permitted by law.’’ Pub. L. 96–503, Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2740, provided: ‘‘That the United States Secret Service, in addition to other duties now provided by law, is authorized to fur- nish protection to (a) the person occupying the Office of Vice President of the United States immediately preceding January 20, 1981, or (b) his spouse, if the President determines that such person may thereafter be in significant danger: Provided, however, That protec- tion of any such person shall continue only for such pe- riod as the President determines and shall not continue beyond July 20, 1981, unless otherwise permitted by law.’’ SECRET SERVICE PROTECTION OF FORMER FEDERAL OFFICIALS Pub. L. 95–1, Jan. 19, 1977, 91 Stat. 3, provided: ‘‘That the United States Secret Service, in addition to other duties now provided by law, is authorized to furnish protection to a person who (a) as a Federal Government official has been receiving protection by the United States Secret Service for a period immediately pre- ceding January 20, 1977, or (b) as a member of such offi- cial’s immediate family has been receiving protection by either the United States Secret Service or other se- curity personnel of the official’s department imme- diately preceding January 20, 1977, if the President de- termines that such person may thereafter be in signifi- cant danger: Provided, however, That protection of any such person shall continue only for such period as the President determines and shall not continue beyond July 20, 1977, unless otherwise permitted by law.’’ MAJOR PRESIDENTIAL OR VICE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES AND SPOUSES; PERSONAL PROTECTION Pub. L. 90–331, June 6, 1968, 82 Stat. 170, as amended by Pub. L. 94–408, § 1, Sept. 11, 1976, 90 Stat. 1239; Pub. L. 94–524, § 11, Oct. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 2477; Pub. L. 96–329, Aug. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 1029, which had provided for per- sonal protection of major presidential or vice presi- dential candidates and had authorized protection of spouses commencing not more than 120 days before the general Presidential election, and appropriated for fis- cal year ending June 30, 1968, $400,000 for execution of such provisions, was repealed by Pub. L. 98–587, § 2, Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3111. See subsec. (a)(7) of this section. EXTENSION OF PROTECTION OF PRESIDENT’S WIDOW AND CHILDREN Pub. L. 90–145, Nov. 17, 1967, 81 Stat. 466, extended until Mar. 1, 1969, the authority vested in the United States Secret Service by section 3056 of this title, as it existed prior to the amendment in 1968 by Pub. L. 90–608, to protect the widow and minor children of a former President who were receiving such protection on Nov. 17, 1967. APPLICABILITY OF REORG. PLAN NO. 26 OF 1950 Pub. L. 91–651, § 5, Jan. 5, 1971, 84 Stat. 1941, provided that: ‘‘Section 3056 of title 18, United States Code, as amended by section 4 of this Act, shall be subject to Reorganization Plan Numbered 26 of 1950 (64 Stat. 1280) [set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organi- zation and Employees].’’ § 3056A. Powers, authorities, and duties of United States Secret Service Uniformed Divi- sion (a) There is hereby created and established a permanent police force, to be known as the ‘‘United States Secret Service Uniformed Divi- sion’’. Subject to the supervision of the Sec- retary of Homeland Security, the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division shall perform such duties as the Director, United States Se- cret Service, may prescribe in connection with the protection of the following: (1) The White House in the District of Co- lumbia. (2) Any building in which Presidential of- fices are located. (3) The Treasury Building and grounds. (4) The President, the Vice President (or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President), the President-elect,