22 U.S.C. § 2346d — People-to-People Partnership for Peace

Page 808 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2346d Editorial Notes PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 2346c, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 534, as added Pub. L. 97–113, title II, § 202, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1530, prohibited the use of funds for nuclear facilities in foreign countries except under certain circumstances, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–83, title II, § 201(a), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 210. Another prior section 2346c, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 534, as added Pub. L. 95–384, § 10(a), Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 735; amended Pub. L. 96–92, § 8(d), Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 704, provided economic support for Turkey and Cyprus in amounts of $98,000,000 and $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1980, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96–533, title II, § 202, Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3142. AMENDMENTS 1990—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–623, § 2(b)(6)(A), which directed the substitution of ‘‘$10,000,000 may be made available in fiscal year 1991’’ for ‘‘$7,000,000 may be made available in fiscal year 1990’’, was executed by making the substitution for ‘‘$7,000,000 may be made available in fiscal year 1991’’ to reflect the probable in- tent of Congress and the intervening substitution of ‘‘fiscal year 1991’’ for ‘‘fiscal year 1990’’ by Pub. L. 101–513. See below. Pub. L. 101–623, § 2(b)(6)(B), and Pub. L. 101–513, amended subsec. (e) identically, substituting ‘‘Sep- tember 30, 1991’’ for ‘‘September 30, 1990’’. Pub. L. 101–513 substituted ‘‘fiscal year 1991’’ for ‘‘fis- cal year 1990’’. 1989—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–167 substituted ‘‘fiscal year 1990’’ for ‘‘each of fiscal years 1988 and 1989’’ and ‘‘September 30, 1990’’ for ‘‘September 30, 1989’’. 1987—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(e) [title V, § 579(a)], amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amend- ment, par. (3) read as follows: ‘‘notwithstanding section 2420 of this title, programs to enhance investigative ca- pabilities, conducted under judicial or prosecutorial control;’’. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(e) [title V, § 579(b)], amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) read as follows: ‘‘The authority of this sec- tion shall expire on September 30, 1987.’’ Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as an Effective Date of 1985 Amend- ment note under section 2151–1 of this title. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ACTIVITIES Pub. L. 108–199, div. D, title V, § 536, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 183, provided that: ‘‘Of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act or any subsequent Act for ‘Economic Support Fund’, assistance may be provided to strengthen the administration of justice in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and in other regions consistent with the provisions of section 534(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2346c(b)], except that programs to enhance protection of participants in judicial cases may be conducted not- withstanding section 660 of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2420]. Funds made available pursuant to this section may be made available notwithstanding section 534(c) and the second and third sentences of section 534(e) of the For- eign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2346c(c), (e)].’’ Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts: Pub. L. 108–7, div. E, title V, § 536, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 195. Pub. L. 107–115, title V, § 536, Jan. 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2152. Pub. L. 106–429, § 101(a) [title V, § 540], Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1900, 1900A–37. Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(2) [title V, § 540], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–95. Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(d) [title V, § 542], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–150, 2681–184. Pub. L. 105–118, title V, § 541, Nov. 26, 1997, 111 Stat. 2418. Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(c) [title V, § 543], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–121, 3009–157. Pub. L. 104–107, title V, § 543, Feb. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 739. Pub. L. 103–306, title V, § 549(a), (c), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1643, 1644. Pub. L. 103–87, title V, § 551(a)(1), (b), Sept. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 962. Pub. L. 102–391, title V, § 588(a)(1), (b), Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1689, 1690. ANTI-NARCOTICS UPDATE Pub. L. 102–145, § 124, as added by Pub. L. 102–266, § 102, Apr. 1, 1992, 106 Stat. 97, provided that: ‘‘The program authorized by section 534 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2346c] may continue from funds appro- priated by this joint resolution for foreign operations, export financing, and related programs, notwith- standing the last sentence of section 534(e) of that Act: Provided, That such programs may include the protec- tion of participants in judicial cases, notwithstanding section 660 of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2420]: Provided further, That, notwithstanding sections 534(c) and 660 of that Act, (1) up to $10,000,000 to provide support for a profes- sional civilian police force for Panama, except that such assistance shall not include more than $5,000,000 for the procurement of equipment for law enforcement purposes, and shall not include lethal equipment, and (2) up to $16,000,000 for Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru.’’ Executive Documents DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title. § 2346d. People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund (a) Establishment Beginning on the date that is one year after Dec. 27, 2020, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development is authorized to establish a program to provide funding for projects to help build the foundation for peaceful co-existence between Israelis and Palestinians and for a sustainable two-state so- lution. The program established under this sub- section shall be known as the ‘‘People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund’’ (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Fund’’). (b) Eligibility for support In providing funding for projects through the Fund, the Administrator may provide support for qualified organizations, prioritizing those or- ganizations that seek to build better coopera- tion between Israelis and Palestinians, including Palestinian organizations, Israeli organizations, and international organizations that bring Israelis and Palestinians together. (c) Additional eligibility for support In providing funding for projects through the Fund, the Administrator may additionally pro- vide support to qualified organizations that fur- ther shared community building, peaceful co-ex- istence, dialogue, and reconciliation between Arab and Jewish citizens of Israel. (d) Contributions The Administrator— Page 809 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2346d (1) is encouraged to work with foreign gov- ernments and international organizations to leverage the impact of United States resources and achieve the objectives of this section; and (2) is authorized to accept contributions for the purposes of the Fund, consistent with sub- section (d) of section 2395 of this title. (e) Advisory board (1) Establishment The Administrator shall establish an advi- sory board to make recommendations to the Administrator regarding the types of projects that should be considered for funding through the Fund. (2) Membership (A) In general Subject to subparagraph (B), the advisory board shall be composed of 13 members, none of whom may be Members of Congress, who shall be appointed for renewable periods of 3 years, as follows: (i) One member to serve as chair, ap- pointed by the Administrator, in consulta- tion with the Secretary of State. (ii) One member appointed by the chair, and one member appointed by the ranking member, of the Committee on Foreign Re- lations of the Senate. (iii) One member appointed by the chair, and one member appointed by the ranking member, of the Committee on Foreign Af- fairs of the House of Representatives. (iv) One member appointed by the chair, and one member appointed by the ranking member, of the Committee on Appropria- tions of the Senate. (v) One member appointed by the chair, and one member appointed by the ranking member, of the Committee on Appropria- tions of the House of Representatives. (vi) One member appointed by the major- ity leader, and one member appointed by the minority leader, of the Senate. (vii) One member appointed by the Speaker, and one member appointed by the minority leader, of the House of Rep- resentatives. (B) International participation The Administrator may appoint up to two additional members to the advisory board who are representatives of foreign govern- ments or international organizations for re- newable periods of 3 years. (C) Qualifications Members of the advisory board shall have demonstrated regional expertise and experi- ence and expertise in conflict mitigation and people-to-people programs, and shall not re- ceive compensation on account of their serv- ice on the advisory board. (f) USAID mission recommendations The Administrator shall consider the input and recommendations from missions of the United States Agency for International Develop- ment in the region and mission directors regard- ing projects that should be considered for fund- ing through the Fund. (g) Coordination The Administrator shall coordinate with the Secretary of State in carrying out the provi- sions of this section. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 535, as added Pub. L. 116–260, div. K, title VIII, § 8004, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1816.) Editorial Notes PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 2346d, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 535, as added Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 511(a), Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1111; amended Pub. L. 99–631, § 1(b)(3), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3519, related to economic support for disadvan- taged South Africans, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–149, § 4(a)(3)(B), Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1505. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries NITA M. LOWEY MIDDLE EAST PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE Pub. L. 116–260, div. K, title VIII, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1815, provided that: ‘‘SHORT TITLE ‘‘SEC. 8001. This title may be cited as the ‘Nita M. Lowey Middle East Partnership for Peace Act of 2020’. ‘‘FINDINGS ‘‘SEC. 8002. Congress finds the following: ‘‘(1) Economic development in conflict settings has been shown to support stabilization by empowering entrepreneurs, growing the middle class, and miti- gating unemployment. ‘‘(2) In 2018, unemployment in the Palestinian terri- tories was 32.4 percent. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the Palestinian territories declined from 2017 to 2019, and it is projected to further decline in 2020. ‘‘(3) According to the World Bank Ad Hoc Liaison Committee’s April 2019 Economic Monitoring Report, ‘to achieve sustainable economic growth, in the Pal- estinian territories, growth and job creation going forward will need to be private sector driven’. ‘‘(4) According to the 2018 Joint Strategic Plan of the Department of State and the United States Agen- cy for International Development, ‘assistance can help prevent new recruitment to terrorist organiza- tions, reduce levels of violence, promote legitimate governance structures that strengthen inclusion, and reduce policies that marginalize communities’. ‘‘(5) Although economic development is an impor- tant tool for stabilizing conflict-prone settings and establishing connections between communities, eco- nomic development by itself will not lead to lasting peace. People-to-people peace-building programs fur- ther advance reconciliation efforts by promoting greater understanding, mutual trust, and cooperation between communities. ‘‘(6) While the United States and its international partners continue to support diplomatic and political negotiations between the representatives of the par- ties to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, such efforts require broad popular support among the people on the ground to succeed. ‘‘(7) Achieving sustainable, high-level agreements for lasting peace in the Middle East must come through, and with the support of, the people who live there, and the United States and its international partners can help the people of the region build pop- ular support for sustainable agreements for lasting peace. ‘‘SENSE OF CONGRESS ‘‘SEC. 8003. It is the sense of Congress that— ‘‘(1) building a viable Palestinian economy is cen- tral to the effort to preserve the possibility of a nego- Page 810 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2346d tiated settlement leading to a sustainable two-state solution with the democratic, Jewish state of Israel and a demilitarized, democratic Palestinian state liv- ing side-by-side in peace, security, and mutual rec- ognition; ‘‘(2) United States and international support for grassroots, people-to-people efforts aimed at fos- tering tolerance, and building support for such solu- tion, can help counter extremist propaganda and the growing issue of incitement; ‘‘(3) strengthening engagement between Palestin- ians and Israelis, including through people-to-people peace-building programs can increase the bonds of friendship and understanding; ‘‘(4) investing in the development of the Palestinian economy and in joint economic ventures can advance multiple sectors to the benefit of local, regional, and global parties; and ‘‘(5) Congress encourages cooperation between Pal- estinian, American, and Israeli business sectors in order to benefit the Palestinian, American, and Israeli peoples and economies. ‘‘PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE FUND ‘‘SEC. 8004. [Enacted this section.] ‘‘JOINT INVESTMENT FOR PEACE INITIATIVE ‘‘SEC. 8005. (a) ESTABLISHMENT.—Beginning on the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2020], the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation (referred to in this section as the ‘Chief Executive Officer’ and the ‘Corporation’, respectively) is authorized to establish a program to provide invest- ments in, and support to, entities that carry out projects that contribute to the development of the Pal- estinian private sector economy in the West Bank and Gaza. The program established under this subsection shall be known as the ‘Joint Investment for Peace Ini- tiative’ (referred to in this section as the ‘Initiative’) and shall be subject to all existing terms, conditions, restrictions, oversight requirements, and applicable provisions of law, including the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (22 U.S.C. 9611 et seq) [div. F of Pub. L. 115–254, 22 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.], including through strict adherence to the less-developed country focus under section 1412(c) of such Act [22 U.S.C. 9612(c)]. ‘‘(b) PARTICIPATION REQUIREMENT.—In carrying out the Initiative, the Chief Executive Officer shall ensure participation by small and medium-sized enterprises owned by Palestinians, which may include the tech- nology sector, the agriculture sector, and other high value-added or emerging industries. ‘‘(c) PRIORITY.—In carrying out the Initiative, the Chief Executive Officer shall prioritize support to projects that increase economic cooperation between Israelis and Palestinians. ‘‘(d) USE OF EXISTING AUTHORITIES.—In carrying out the Initiative, the Chief Executive Officer shall utilize the authorities under section 1421 of the Better Utiliza- tion of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (22 U.S.C. 9621), including to— ‘‘(1) select a manager of the Initiative; ‘‘(2) oversee and direct the operation of the Initia- tive consistent with such Act and other provisions of law; ‘‘(3) provide the Initiative with loans, guaranties, equity, and insurance, as appropriate, to enable the Initiative to attract private investment; ‘‘(4) support the private sector in entering into joint ventures between Palestinian and Israeli enti- ties; and ‘‘(5) carry out the purposes of the Initiative con- sistent with the provisions of this section and other applicable provisions of law. ‘‘(e) ANNUAL REPORT.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than December 31, 2021, and each December 31 thereafter until December 31, 2031, the Chief Executive Officer shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that describes the following: ‘‘(A) The extent to which the Initiative has con- tributed to promoting and supporting Palestinian economic development. ‘‘(B) The extent to which the Initiative has con- tributed to greater integration of the Palestinian economy into the international rules-based busi- ness system. ‘‘(C) The extent to which projects that increase economic cooperation between Palestinians and Israelis and between Palestinians and Americans have been prioritized, including through support to the private sector to enter into joint ventures. ‘‘(D) Information on the following: ‘‘(i) Investments received and provided through the Initiative. ‘‘(ii) The mechanisms established for trans- parency and accountability of investments pro- vided through the Initiative. ‘‘(E) The extent to which entities supported by the Initiative have impacted the efficacy of people- to-people programs. ‘‘(F) To the extent practicable, an assessment of the sustainability of commercial endeavors that re- ceive support from the Initiative. ‘‘(G) A description of the process for vetting and oversight of entities eligible for support from the Initiative to ensure compliance with the require- ments of section 8006(b) of this Act [probably means ‘‘this title’’]. ‘‘(2) FORM.—The reports required under this sub- section shall be submitted in unclassified form, with- out the designation ‘For Official Use Only’ or any re- lated or successor designation, but may be accom- panied by a classified annex. ‘‘(f) TERMINATION.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Initiative shall terminate at the end of the fiscal year that is 10 years after the date on which the Chief Executive Officer makes the first investment under the Initiative. ‘‘(2) EXCEPTION.—The Chief Executive Officer is au- thorized to continue to manage investments made under the Initiative on and after the date specified in paragraph (1). ‘‘(g) COORDINATION.—The Chief Executive Officer shall coordinate with the Secretary of State and the Admin- istrator of the United States Agency for International Development in carrying out the provisions of this sec- tion. ‘‘LIMITATIONS, VETTING, COORDINATION, AND OVERSIGHT ‘‘SEC. 8006. (a) LIMITATIONS.—None of the funds made available to carry out this title, or any amendment made by this title, may be used to provide— ‘‘(1) financial assistance to the national govern- ment of any foreign country; ‘‘(2) assistance for— ‘‘(A) any individual or group the Secretary of State determines to be involved in, or advocating, terrorist activity; or ‘‘(B) any individual who is a member of a foreign terrorist organization (as designated pursuant to section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189)); or ‘‘(3) assistance for the Palestinian Authority or the Palestine Liberation Organization. ‘‘(b) APPLICABLE REGULATIONS.—Assistance made available under this title, and any amendment made by this title, shall adhere to the mission directives and vetting practices for assistance for the West Bank and Gaza, as set forth by the United States Agency for International Development. ‘‘(c) COORDINATION.— ‘‘(1) The Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corpora- tion, acting through the Chief Development Officer of such Corporation, shall coordinate with the Adminis- Page 811 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2347 trator of the United States Agency for International Development and the Secretary of State to ensure that all expenditures from the Joint Investment for Peace Initiative comply with this section. ‘‘(2) To the extent practicable, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Develop- ment and the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corpora- tion should coordinate and share information in ad- vance of providing resources through the People-to- People Partnership for Peace Fund and the Joint In- vestment for Peace Initiative. ‘‘(d) REPORT.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the end of the first fiscal year in which both the People- to-People Partnership for Peace Fund and the Joint Investment for Peace Initiative are in effect, and an- nually thereafter, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and the Chief Executive Officer of the United States Inter- national Development Finance Corporation shall, in coordination with the Secretary of State, jointly sub- mit to the appropriate congressional committees a report in writing that describes— ‘‘(A)(i) lessons learned and best practices devel- oped from funding for projects under the People-to- People Partnership for Peace Fund during the prior fiscal year; and ‘‘(ii) the extent to which such projects have con- tributed to the purposes of the People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund; ‘‘(B)(i) lessons learned and best practices devel- oped from investments provided under the Joint In- vestment for Peace Initiative during the prior fis- cal year; and ‘‘(ii) the extent to which such investments have contributed to the purposes of the Joint Investment for Peace Initiative; and ‘‘(C) how the United States International Devel- opment Finance Corporation and the United States Agency for International Development coordinate and share information with respect to the People- to-People Partnership for Peace Fund and the Joint Investment for Peace Initiative. ‘‘(2) CONSULTATION.—The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall consult with the advisory board established by sub- section (e) of section 535 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2346d(e)] (as added by section 8004 of this Act [probably means ‘‘this title’’]) to in- form the reports required by paragraph (1). ‘‘APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DEFINED ‘‘SEC. 8007. In this title, the term ‘appropriate con- gressional committees’ has the meaning given that term in section 1402 of the Better Utilization of Invest- ments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (22 U.S.C. 9601). ‘‘AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS ‘‘SEC. 8008. (a) IN GENERAL.—There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this title, and the amend- ments made by this title, $50,000,000 for each of the first 5 fiscal years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2020]. ‘‘(b) CONSULTATION REQUIREMENT.—Not later than 90 days after enactment of this Act, and prior to the obli- gation of funds made available to implement this title, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and the Chief Executive Of- ficer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, in coordination with the Sec- retary of State, shall consult with the Committees on Appropriations on the proposed uses of funds. ‘‘(c) ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES.—Not more than 5 percent of amounts authorized to be appropriated by subsection (a) for a fiscal year should be made available for administrative expenses to carry out section 535 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2346d] (as added by section 8004 of this Act [probably means ‘‘this title’’]). ‘‘(d) AVAILABILITY.—Amounts authorized to be appro- priated by subsection (a) for a fiscal year are author- ized to remain available for such fiscal year and the subsequent 4 fiscal years.’’ §§ 2346e to 2346i. Repealed. Pub. L. 99–83, title II, § 201(a), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 210 Section 2346e, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 536, as added Pub. L. 97–113, title II, § 202, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1531, related to special requirements fund. A prior section 2346e, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 536, as added Pub. L. 96–257, § 2, May 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 422, pro- vided for Central American economic support for fiscal year 1980, in amount of $80,000,000, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96–533, title II, § 202, Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3142. Section 2346f, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 537, as added Pub. L. 97–113, title II, § 202, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1531, re- lated to programs for Tunisia. Section 2346g, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 538, as added Pub. L. 97–113, title II, § 202, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1531, related to programs for Costa Rica. Section 2346h, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 539, as added Pub. L. 97–113, title II, § 202, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1531, related to programs for Nicaragua. Section 2346i, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, § 540, as added Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 708(c), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1546, related to programs for Poland. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL Repeal effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as an Effective Date of 1985 Amend- ment note under section 2151–1 of this title. PART V—INTERNATIONAL MILITARY EDUCATION AND TRAINING § 2347. General authority (a) The President is authorized to furnish, on such terms and conditions consistent with this chapter as the President may determine (but whenever feasible on a reimbursable basis), mili- tary education and training to military and re- lated civilian personnel of foreign countries. Such civilian personnel shall include foreign governmental personnel of ministries other than ministries of defense, and may also include leg- islators and individuals who are not members of the government, if the military education and training would (i) contribute to responsible de- fense resource management, (ii) foster greater respect for and understanding of the principle of civilian control of the military, (iii) contribute to cooperation between military and law en- forcement personnel with respect to counter- narcotics law enforcement efforts, or (iv) im- prove military justice systems and procedures in accordance with internationally recognized human rights. Such training and education may be provided through— (1) attendance at military educational and training facilities in the United States (other than Service academies) and abroad; (2) attendance in special courses of instruc- tion at schools and institutions of learning or research in the United States and abroad; and (3) observation and orientation visits to military facilities and related activities in the United States and abroad.